Table 3.
Influencing Factors of EQ-5D Utility Scores Using the Tobit Regression Model by Residential Area (N =3250)
| Participants’ Characteristics | Urban | Rural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coe | SE | p-value | Coe | SE | p-value | |
| Socio-demographic background characteristics | ||||||
| Gender [ref = (With male)] | ||||||
| Female | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.158 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.083 |
| Age group [ref = (60–69)] | ||||||
| 70–79 | −0.06 | 0.02 | 0.009 | −0.05 | 0.02 | 0.004 |
| 80 and above | −0.12 | 0.04 | 0.001 | −0.19 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Marital status [ref = (With spouse)] | ||||||
| Without spouse | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.073 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.359 |
| Socioeconomic status [ref = (Low)] | ||||||
| Middle low | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.573 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.131 |
| Middle high | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.061 | 0.1 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
| High | 0.13 | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Health conditions | ||||||
| Number of NCDs [ref = (No NCDs)] | ||||||
| Single NCDs | −0.10 | 0.03 | <0.001 | −0.08 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Two and more NCDs | −0.20 | 0.03 | <0.001 | −0.15 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Obesity [ref = (Non-obesity)] | ||||||
| Obesity | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.618 | −0.1 | 0.04 | 0.021 |
| Health behaviors | ||||||
| Alcohol intake status [ref = (Never)] | ||||||
| Drinking | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.333 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.348 |
| Sleep quality (PSQI) [ref = (PSQI≤5)] | ||||||
| PSQI>5 | −0.22 | 0.03 | <0.001 | −0.15 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS) [ref = (ESS≤10)] | ||||||
| ESS>10 | −0.13 | 0.02 | <0.001 | −0.13 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Nutrition awareness [ref = (Never)] | ||||||
| Sometimes | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.581 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.865 |
| Often | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.989 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.285 |
| Usually | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.356 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.179 |
| Always | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.143 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.009 |
Note: Bold fonts indicated p-value <0.05.
Abbreviations: NCDs, chronic non-communicable diseases; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.