Table 1. Summary of study and patients’ characteristics.
| Author, Year | Country | Study Design | Multicentre? (Y/N) | Study Setting | Peer-reviewed? (Y/N) | Quality Rating | COVID-19 Patients, n | Male, n (%) | Age (SD/IQR) | Bacterial Coinfection, n (%) | Most common Bacteria, N (%) | Antibiotic Use, N (%) | Antibiotic Class (most common) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Puzniak L, 2021[34] | USA | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 17003 | 9026 (53) | 61.7 (18) | 2889 (16.99) | Enterobacterales, 1594 (55.17) | 11562 (68) | Cephalosporins |
| 2. | Wang L, 2020 [35] | UK | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 1396 | 903 (65) | 67.4 (16.2) | 37(2.65) | E. Coli, 6 (16.22) | 36 (2.58) | |
| 3. | Michael S, 2020 [36] | USA | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 73 | 35 (48) | 27 (36.99) | NR | |||
| 4. | S. Hughes, 2020 [37] | UK | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 836 | 519 (62) | 69 (55–81) | 27 (3.23) | S. aureus, 4 (14.81 | ||
| 5. | Contou D, 2020 [38] | France | Retrospective Cohort | N | Hospital | Y | Good | 92 | 73 (79) | 61 (55–70) | 26 (28.26) | S. aureus, 10 (38.46) | 39 (42.39) | Cephalosporins |
| 6. | Cheng, L, 2020 [39] | China | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 147 | 85 (58) | 36 (24–54) | 4 (2.72) | 52 (35.37) | Cephalosporins | |
| 7. | Neto A G M,2020 [40] | USA | Retrospective Cohort | N | Hospital | Y | Good | 242 | 123 (51) | 66 (14.75) | 46 (19.01) | E. Coli, 12 (26.09) | 162 (66.94) | Cephalosporins |
| 8. | Lardaro T, 2020 [41] | USA | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 542 | 269 (50) | 62.8 (16.5) | 20 (3.69) | S. aureus, 7 (35) | ||
| 9. | Chen S, 2020 [42] | China | Retrospective Cohort | N | Hospital | Y | Good | 408 | 196 (48) | 48 (34–60) | 25 (6.13) | mycoplasma pneumonia, 13 (52) | 60 (14.71) | NR |
| 10. | Baskar V, 2021 [43] | UK | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 254 | 164 (65) | 59 (49–69) | 14 (5.51) | S. aureus, 4 (28.57) | ||
| 11. | Russell C D, 2021 [44] | UK | Prospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 48902 | 28116 (58) | 74 (59–84) | 318 (0.65) | E. Coli, 64 (20.13) | 39528 (80.83) | Penicillin/B-lactams |
| 12. | Lehmann C J,2021 [45] | USA | Retrospective Cohort | N | Hospital | Y | Poor | 321 | 155 (48) | 60 (17) | 7 (2.18) | S. aureus, 2 (28.57) | 222 (69.16) | NR |
| 13. | Vaughn V,2021 [46] | USA | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 1705 | 885 (52) | 64.7 (53–77) | 59 (3.46) | 965 (56.6) | Cephalosporins | |
| 14. | Miao Q, 2021 [47] | China | Retrospective Cohort | N | Hospital | Y | Good | 323 | 17 (5.26) | Klebsiella pneumonia, 11 (64.71) | ||||
| 15. | Karami Z, 2020 [48] | Netherlands | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 925 | 591 (64) | 70 (59–77) | 7 (0.76) | S. aureus, 4 (57.14) | 556 (60.11) | Cephalosporins |
| 16. | Garcia-Vidal C, 2021 [49] | Spain | Retrospective Cohort | N | Hospital | Y | Good | 989 | 552 (56) | 62 (48–74) | 31 (3.13) | Streptococcus pneumonia, 12 (38.71) | 917 (92.72) | Macrolide |
| 17. | Crotty M P, 2020 [50] | USA | Prospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | N | Good | 289 | 58.6 (14.4) | 25 (8.65) | S. aureus, 5 (20) | 271 (93.77) | NR | |
| 18. | Wei W, 2020 [51] | USA | Prospective Cohort | N | Hospital | N | Good | 147 | 87 (59) | 52 | 87 (59.18) | Cephalosporins | ||
| 19. | Karaba S, 2020 [52] | USA | Prospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | Y | Good | 1016 | 543 (53) | 62 (48–74) | 53 (5.22) | 717 (70.57) | NR | |
| 20. | Martin A, 2020 [53] | USA | Retrospective Cohort | Y | Hospital | N | Good | 208 | 105 (51) | 69 (60–80) | 24 (11.54) | S. aureus, 5 (20.83) | 172 (82.69) | Cephalosporins |
| 21. | Rothe K, 2021 [54] | Germany | Retrospective Cohort | N | Hospital | Y | Good | 140 | 90 (64) | 63.5 (17–99) | 3 (2.14) | 116 (82.86) | Penicillin/B-lactams | |
| 22. | Asmarawati T P, 2020 [55] | Indonesia | Retrospective Cohort | N | Hospital | Y | Good | 218 | 120 (55) | 52.45 (14.44) | 13 (5.96) | NR | 164 (75.23) | Quinolones |