Table 2.

Unadjusted and adjusted GLMM quantifying factors associated with VL suppression (<200 copies/mL) among PLHIV-PWUD, Vancouver, Canada (1996–2017).

Characteristic	Odds Ratio
Characteristic	Unadjusted (95% CI)	Adjusted (95% CI)
Individual-level factors

Age, per year older	1.22 (1.22–1.23)^*	1.05 (1.04–1.07)^*
Male	1.19 (0.92–1.55)	0.95 (0.76–1.20)
White	1.14 (0.89–1.45)	0.90 (0.73–1.11)
History of injection drug	1.00 (0.83–1.21)	1.00 (0.81–1.25)

ART-related characteristics

ART category
PI (boosted)	Ref	Ref
PI (un-boosted)	0.14 (0.12–0.16)^*	0.69 (0.58–0.82)^*
NNRTI	0.44 (0.40–0.49)^*	1.12 (1.00–1.25)
INSTI	1.95 (1.68–2.26)^*	1.26 (1.07–1.48)^*
Other	0.51 (0.46–0.56)^*	0.73 (0.64–0.83)^*
ART adherence
≥95%	Ref	Ref
90 to <95%	0.52 (0.46–0.58)^*	0.54 (0.47–0.62)^*
85 to <90%	0.51 (0.45–0.57)^*	0.50 (0.44–0.56)^*
80 to <85%	0.32 (0.28–0.36)^*	0.33 (0.29–0.38)^*
50 to <80%	0.20 (0.19–0.22)^*	0.23 (0.21–0.25)^*
<50%	0.06 (0.06–0.07)^*	0.09 (0.08–0.10)^*
Calendar-year of observation
1996–1999	Ref	Ref
2000–2005	11.25 (9.13–13.87)^*	7.65 (6.02–9.72)^*
2006–2009	32.82 (26.52–40.61)^*	12.05 (9.19–15.82)^*
2010–2015	79.86 (64.51–98.86)^*	15.67 (11.53–21.31)^*
2016–2017	115.30 (91.78–144.86)^*	15.02 (10.55–21.38)^*
Time on ART, per 1-year increase	1.24 (1.23–1.25)^*	1.04 (1.02–1.06)^*
Physician experience, per 100-patient increase	1.41 (0.73–2.73)	0.92 (0.52–1.63)

PLHIV, people living with HIV; PWUD, people who use drugs; VL, viral load; CI, confidence interval; ART, antiretroviral therapy; PI, protease inhibitors; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor

p<0.05