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. 2022 Jul 18;13:930287. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930287

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Copyright © 2022 Akoolo, Djokic, Rocha, Ulloa and Parveen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Attenuation of joint inflammation and arthritis in EA-treated mice. (A, B) Mediolateral and not craniocaudal measurements of tibiotarsus joints of 10 mice showed a significant reduction in swelling after EA treatment. Bars indicate median values. (C–F) Severe arthritis in tibiotarsus joint manifested by an increase in synovial space (arrow 1), higher leukocyte infiltration (blue stain, arrow 2), and synovial hyperplasia and erosion of cartilage (arrow 3) in composite tibiotarsus image (C) were observed in mock-treated Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mice. Infiltration of leukocytes as depicted by blue-stained dots reduced in EA-treated mice consistently. Bar in panel F represents a size of 100 µm. EA, electroacupuncture.