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. 2022 Jul 18;13:930287. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930287

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Copyright © 2022 Akoolo, Djokic, Rocha, Ulloa and Parveen

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Model summarizing effect of Borrelia burgdorferi infection and EA treatment on joint inflammatory responses and arthritis attenuation. High concentration of lipoproteins on B. burgdorferi surface signal through TLR2 on antigen-presenting cells to cause naive CD4+ cells to differentiate in different types of T cells in response to various combinations of cytokines produced. These Treg, Th17, or Th1 cells then produce listed cytokines (marked by black arrows). Neuromodulation of brain through sciatic nerve electrostimulation by EA results in signaling of adrenal glands through vagus nerve to produce dopamine (marked by blue arrows). Binding of dopamine neurotransmitter to receptor present on lymphocytes results in activation of Tregs, which then suppress Th1- and Th17-mediated inflammatory Lyme arthritis. EA, electroacupuncture.