Table 3.
A summary of FDA approved-drugs related to neurotransmitter transmission [256, 262, 276, 285, 302]. The drug name, action mechanisms, application in diseases, and the approval year by the FDA are listed.
| Drug name | Mechanism | Application | FDA approval year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glutamate | |||
| Memantine | NMDA receptor antagonist | AD | 2003 |
| Acamprosate | NMDA receptor agonist | The treatment of alcohol dependence | 2004 |
| Perampanel | AMPA receptor antagonist | Epilepsy | 2012 |
| GABA | |||
| Propofol (Pro) | GABAA receptor agonist | Induction and maintenance of general anesthesia | 1989 |
| Baclofen | GABAB receptor agonist | Treats muscle spasms caused by certain conditions (such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury/disease) | 2010 |
| Gabapentin | Modulates the action of GAD | Epilepsy | 1993 |
| Topiramate | GABAA receptor agonist | Epilepsy | 2009 |
| Dopamine | |||
| Selegiline | MAO-B inhibitor | PD | 2006 |
| Rasagiline | MAO-B inhibitor | PD | 2006 |
| Quetiapine | Dopamine receptor antagonist | AD | 1997 |
| Naltrexon/bupropion | Opioid receptor antagonist, dopamine agonist, and NE reuptake inhibitor | Obesity | 2014 |
| Clozapine | Dopamine receptor/5-HT2A receptor antagonist | Antipsychotic drugs, mainly for acute and chronic schizophrenia | 1990 |
| Risperidone | Dopamine receptor/5-HT2A receptor antagonist | Schizophrenia | 2009 |
| Olanzapine | Dopamine receptor/5-HT2A receptor antagonist | Schizophrenia | 2009 |
| Aripiprazole | Dopamine receptor/5-HT1A receptor antagonist | Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder | 2015 |
| Ziprasidone | Dopamine receptor/5-HT receptor antagonist | Schizophrenia | 2001 |
| Rotigotine | Dopamine receptor/5-HT receptor/adrenergic receptor agonist | PD | 2007 |
| Acetylcholine | |||
| Rivastigmine | AChE inhibitor | AD | 2000 |
| Huperzine A | AChE inhibitor | AD | 1999 |
| Donepezil | AChE inhibitor | AD | 1996 |
| Galantamine | AChE inhibitor | AD and age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) | 2001 |
| Neostigmine | AChE inhibitor | Myasthenia gravis (MG) | 2003 |
| Mestinon | AChE inhibitor | MG, obesity, dementia, epilepsy | 1955 |
| Atropine | M-receptor antagonist | Antispasmodic agents | 2018 |
| Nicotine | N-receptor agonist | Reduces appetite, improves mood, and has some antidepressant properties | 1997 |