Table 2.
Summary of findings of the included studies
| Study | Risk factor | Protective factor | No effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| Bean et al. (2007a) | Older | ||
| Bean et al. (2007b)a | Older | ||
| Bronstein et al. (2012) | Age | ||
| Bronstein et al. (2013) | Older | ||
| Derluyn et al. (2009) | Age | ||
| Hodes et al. (2008) | Older | ||
| Hollins et al. (2007) | Older | ||
| Jakobsen et al. (2017)a | Age | ||
| Jensen et al. (2014) (l) | Age | ||
| Jensen et al. (2015) | Age | ||
| Keles et al. (2015) | Age | ||
| Müller et al. (2019) | Age | ||
| Oppedal and Isdoe (2015) | Older | ||
| Porte and Torney-Purta (1987) | Age | ||
| Rücker et al. (2017) | Younger | ||
| Smid et al. (2011)a | Older | ||
| Sourander (1998) | Younger | ||
| Gender | |||
| Bean et al. (2007a) | Female | ||
| Bean et al. (2007b)a | Female | ||
| Derluyn et al. (2009) | Female | ||
| Hodes et al. (2008) | Female | ||
| Jensen et al. (2014)a | Gender | ||
| Jensen et al. (2015) | Gender | ||
| Keles et al. (2015) | Female | ||
| Keles et al. (2018)a | Female | Female | |
| Oppedal and Isdoe (2015) | Female/Male | ||
| Reijneveld et al. (2005) | Female | ||
| Smid et al. (2011) | Gender | ||
| Sourander (1998) | Gender | ||
| Vervliet et al. (2014)a | Female | ||
| Völkl-Kernstock et al. (2014) | Female | ||
| Origin | |||
| Bean et al. (2007b)a | Ethiopia/Eritrea | Country of origin | |
| Bronstein et al. (2012) | Language of origin | ||
| Bronstein et al. (2013) | Language of origin | ||
| Hodes et al. (2008) | Male african/Middle east | Country of origin | |
| Jakobsen et al. (2017)a | Country of origin | ||
| Jensen et al. (2015) | Country of origin | ||
| Müller et al. (2019) | Country of origin | ||
| Sourander (1998) | Country of origin | ||
| Stressful life events | |||
| Bean et al. (2007a) | Number of SLE | ||
| Bean et al. (2007b)a | Number of SLE | ||
| Bronstein et al. (2012) | Number of SLE | ||
| Bronstein et al. (2013) | Number of SLE | ||
| Derluyn et al. (2009) | Number of SLE | ||
| Entholt et al. (2018) |
Number of SLE Having age disputed |
||
| Geltman et al. (2005) | Physical injury | Witnessing violence | |
| Hodes et al. (2008) | Number of SLE | ||
| Jakobsen et al. (2017)a | Parents deceased | Number of SLE | |
| Jensen et al. (2014)a | Number of post-migration SLE | ||
| Jensen et al. (2015) | Number of SLE | ||
| Keles et al. (2015) |
Exposure to war traumata Cultural and daily hassles |
||
| Keles et al. (2018)a |
Number of SLE Cultural and daily hassles |
||
| Müller-Bamouth et al. (2016) |
Experienced organized violence Experienced family violence |
||
| Müller et al. (2019) | Number of SLE | Discrimination | |
| Oppedal and Isdoe (2015) | Discrimination | ||
| Rücker et al. (2017) | Duration of flight | ||
| Smid et al. (2011)a | Number of SLE | ||
| Stotz et al. (2015) | Number of SLE | ||
| Vervliet et al. (2014)a |
Number of SLE Cultural daily hassles |
||
| Völkl-Kernstock et al. (2014) | Number of SLE | ||
| Individual competences | |||
| Geltman et al. (2005) | Cultural adjustment | ||
| Huemer et al. (2013) | Restraint and Defensiveness | ||
| Keles et al. (2018)a | Cultural competences | ||
| Müller et al. (2019) |
Everyday resources Language skills |
||
| Oppedal and Isdoe (2015) | Cultural competences | ||
| Time spent in host country | |||
| Bean et al. (2007a) | Time spent in host country | ||
| Bean et al. (2007b)a | Increasing time | ||
| Bronstein et al. (2012) | Time spent in host country | ||
| Bronstein et al. (2013) | Increasing time | Time spent in host country | |
| Derluyn et al. (2009) | Time spent in host country | ||
| Geltman et al. (2005) | Time spent in host country | ||
| Hodes et al. (2008) | Time spent in host country | ||
| Jakobsen et al. (2017)a | Time spent in host country | ||
| Jensen et al. (2014)a | Time spent in host country | ||
| Jensen et al. (2015) | Time spent in host country | ||
| Keles et al. (2015) | Time spent in host country | ||
| Keles et al. (2018)a | Increasing time | ||
| Oppedal and Isdoe (2015) | Increasing time | ||
| Porte and Torney-Purta (1987) | Time spent in host country | ||
| Rücker et al. (2017) | Time spent in host country | ||
| Vervliet et al. (2014)a | Time spent in host country | ||
| Accommodation | |||
| Bean et al. (2007b)a |
Low support accommodation Change of residence |
Foster care | |
| Bronstein et al. (2012) | Low support accommodation | Foster care | Change of residence |
| Bronstein et al. (2013) | Foster care | Change of residence | |
| Geltman et al. (2005) | Without other UMR | Urban environment | |
| Hodes et al. (2008) | Low support accommodation |
Foster care Living with family member |
|
| Hollins et al. (2007) | Low support accommodation | ||
| Jakobsen et al. (2017)a | Low support accommodation | ||
| Porte and Torney-Purta (1987) |
Ethnic foster family Living with family member |
||
| Reijneveld et al. (2005) | High restricted reception setting | Low restricted reception setting | |
| Status of residence | |||
| Bean et al. (2007b)a | No permanent residence status | ||
| Jakobsen et al. (2017)a | Refusal of asylum claims | Temporary residence status | |
| Rücker et al. (2017) | Residential status | ||
| Smid et al. (2011)a | Residential status | ||
| Social support | |||
| Bean et al. (2007b)a | Mental healthcare services | Mental healthcare services | |
| Geltman et al. (2005) | Feeling alone /isolated | Social interaction | |
| Müller et al. (2019) | Social support | ||
| Oppedal and Isdoe (2015) | Social support | ||
| Porte and Torney-Purta (1987) | Social support | ||
| Sierau et al. (2019) | Social support | ||
| Education | |||
| Geltman et al. (2005) | Safe school environment | ||
| Jakobsen et al. (2017)a | Educational background | ||
| Müller et al. (2019) | Educational background | ||
| Rücker et al. (2017) | Having a school diploma | Educational background | |
| Smid et al. (2011)a | Low education level | ||
| Family | |||
| Bean et al. (2007b)a | Family member in host country | ||
| Hollins et al. (2007) | No contact to family | ||
| Müller et al. (2019) | Family support (moderator) | ||
| Oppedal and Isdoe (2015) | Family contact | ||
| Rücker et al. (2017) | Financial status of family | ||
| Sierau et al. (2019) | No contact to family | Family support | |
aLongitudinal study design