Fig. 6. Persistent adult hippocampal neurogenesis was identified in aged humans.

a UMAP visualization of human hippocampal cells. Cells are colored by the 13 annotated clusters. b Dot plot showing the mean expression of marker genes for the 13 major cell types. c Developmental trajectory inference of the neurogenic lineage is visualized with UMAP (left panel); the pseudotime analysis of individual cells is also presented (right panel). d Correlation analysis of NSC, ImmN, and GC clusters between humans and macaques. e UMAP showing the expression of representative markers for each cluster shown in c. f Fitted curve showing the expression of representative genes along the human adult neurogenic trajectory. g Heatmap illustrating the expression of genes that covary across pseudotime (left panel). The enriched GO terms are also shown (right panel). h Integrated analysis of human hippocampal cells from the present study and CA and DG cells from Franjic’s study. i UMAP showing the clustering of astrocytes in the human dentate gyrus. j Visualization of the expression of differentially expressed genes across astrocyte subclusters in a dot plot. k UMAP showing the clustering of microglia in the human dentate gyrus. l Dot plot showing the expression of DEGs across microglial subclusters. m Circos plot illustrating the ligand–receptor interactions between human astrocytes and NSCs. n Dot plot showing that the expression of inflammation-related key effectors is highly expressed in astrocytes from Franjic’s dataset compared to those from the present dataset. o Comparison of the inflammation score in astrocytes across two datasets. See also Supplementary information, Figs. S10–S14.