Figure 5.

Verification of our theoretical results based on FEM simulation. (A, B) FEM model based on the actual cell surface geometry before (A) and after (B) LP. (C) Cell surface deformation before (top) and after (bottom) LP. Yellow and red lines are deformations with P and with P and F, respectively. (D, E) Axial curvature κ_a and hoop curvature κ_h calculated as a function of turgor pressure P when E = 1.0 MPa (D) and as a function of Young’s modulus E when P = 0.03 MPa (E). (F, G) Apparent stiffness k_as before LP calculated as a function of κ_M and P when E = 1.0 MPa (F) and as a function of mean curvature κ_M and E when P = 0.03 MPa (G). Black dots calculated by the FEM simulation are on green surfaces calculated using Eq. (4). (H, I) Estimation of E and P using k_as measured before (H) and after (I) LP. Black dots calculated by the FEM simulation are interpolated using Eq. (4) (black line). Dots on the red and blue planes in (H) and (I) indicate E and P, respectively, in agreement with k_as quantified using the AFM measurement.