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. 2022 Jul 19;9:770065. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.770065

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Copyright © 2022 Chakrabarti, Bhattacharya, Gebere, Johnson, Ayub, Chatzistamou, Vyavahare and Azhar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of lowering of TGFβ1 and SMAD3 on AV structure and proteoglycan (GAG) distribution in 10- to 12-week-old Kl^–/– mice. (A–D) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and (E–H) Alcian blue staining of wild-type, Kl^–^/^–, Kl^–^/^–;Tgfb1^±, and Kl^–^/^–;Smad3^± mice showing aortic valve histology and proteoglycans distribution. A magnified view showing further details of the boxed region is presented for each image. (I–J) Quantitative analysis of AV area in H&E-stained (I) and proteoglycans content in alcian blue-stained (J) images. Quantification of AV area and GAG content was done on multiple serial sections from each animal per group by using NIH- Image J software. Values indicate mean ± SD (n = 5). Scale bars = (A–H) 200 μm.