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. 2022 Jul 19;9:770065. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.770065

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Copyright © 2022 Chakrabarti, Bhattacharya, Gebere, Johnson, Ayub, Chatzistamou, Vyavahare and Azhar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of partial genetic deletion of Tgfb1 and Smad3 on key genes involved in TGFβ and BMP signaling, and AV calcification. The qPCR analysis of selected genes in micro-dissected pooled tissue samples representing AV leaflets and hinge and aortic annulus of wild-type, Kl^–^/^–, Kl^–^/^–;Tgfb1^±, and Kl^–^/^–;Smad3^± mice. Expression levels of Tgfb1 (TGFβ ligand) (A), Alk2 (BMP Type I receptor) (B), Pai1 (TGFβ target gene) (C), Spp1 (calcification marker) (D), Bmp2 (BMP ligand) (E), and Runx2 (osteoblast differentiation marker) (F) were quantified. Triplicate samples from each of the five different biological replicates (n = 5) were analyzed. Quantitative data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 5). Two-sided Student’s t-test (unpaired) was used. Significant comparisons are indicated on the top of each histogram.