Table 3.

Non-polysaccharide dietary compounds and extracts in modulation of typical gut microbiota-derived metabolites.

Metabolites modulated	Typical dietary compounds	Models	Gut microbiota involved	Effects on gut microbiota-associated metabolites	References
SCFAs	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Bisphenol A-induced insulin resistance and microbial disturbance mice	Increased Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae; reduced Firmicutes and Clostridia	Increased acetic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid	(160)
	Ginsenoside Rk3	Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota disturbance and low-grade inflammation mice	Enriched genera Bacteroides, Alloprevotella and Blautia; decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio	Increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid	(161)
	Hydroxysafflor yellow A	High-fat diet-induced obese mice	Increased Akkermansia, Romboutsia, Butyricimonas and Alloprevotella; decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio	Increased acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid	(54)
	Gallic acid	Dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced colitis rats	Increased Bacteroides and rc4_4; decreased Enterobacteriaceae, Peptococcaceae, Turicibacteraceae	Decreased acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate, and butyrate	(162)
	Chlorogenic acid	High-fat diet-induced obese rat	Decreased Blautia, Sutterella, and Akkermansia	Increased butyric acid	(163)
	Quercetin-3-glucoside	In vitro fermentation with human fecal suspensions and single bacteria	Enterococcus casseliflavus and Eubacterium ramulus	Butyrate, acetate, and formate were detected	(67)
	Green tea polyphenols	Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota disorder mice	Increased Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Blautia, Roseburia, and Eubacterium, etc	Increased acetic acid and butyric acid	(164)
	Anthocyanins from fruits of Lycium ruthenicum Murray	Dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice	Increased Porphyromonadaceae, Rikenellaceae and Prevotellaceae	Increased acetic, propionic, i-butyric acids	(165)
	Blueberry anthocyanin-rich extract	In high-fat and high-sucrose diet-induced obese mice	Decreased Lachnospiraceae bacterium Choco86, Blautia sp. N6H1-15, and Ruminococcus torques	Decreased valeric acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid	(166)
	Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pulp phenolics	Dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice	Increased Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Coprococcus, and Bacteroides uniformis; decreased Enterococcus and Aggregatibacter	Increased propionic, n-valeric, and iso-valeric acids	(167)
	Polyphenols from Camellia japonica bee pollen	Hyperuricemia mice induced by potassium oxonate	Increased Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria; decreased Firmicutes	Increased acetic acid and butyric acid	(168)
BAs	Capsaicin	High-fat diet-induced obese mice	Increaseed Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Akkermansia muciniphila, etc	Increased lithocholic acid	(117)
	Theabrownin	High-fat diet-induced obese mice	Increased species richness, decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio	Decreased deoxycholic acid, 23-nordeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid; increased lithocholic acid	(169)
	Dihydromyricetin	Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice	Increased Lactobacillaceae; decreased Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Streptococcaceae	Increased α-muricholic acid and; decreased isolithocholic acid, and taurohyodeoxycholic acid	(170)
	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	High-fat diet-induced dysbiosis	Increased Adlercreutzia, Akkermansia, Allobaculum; decreased Desulfovibrionaceae	Decreased deoxycholic acid	(171)
	Apple polyphenols	Dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis	Increased Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroides and Akkermansia; decreased Bacterodetes	Decreased hyodeoxycholic acid	(172)
TMA (TMAO)	Allicin	Healthy participants, L-carnitine-fed mice, ApoE−/− mice	Increased Akkermansia and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Decreased TMA and TMAO	(173)
	Baicalin	Repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury mice	Increased Citromicrobium_sp_WPS32 and Eubacterium_sp_CAG_86; decreased Lactobacillus_plantarum	Decreased TMA and TMAO	(174)
BCAAs	Citrus polymethoxyflavones	Metabolic syndrome induced by high-fat diet	Enriched the commensal bacterium Bacteroides ovatus	Reduced the levels of valine, leucine, isoleucine	(137)
Tryptophan and indole derivatives	Ginsenoside Rg1	Ulcerative colitis mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium	Increased Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, and Akkermansia; decreased Odoribacter, Clostridia_UCG-014, Bacteroides, and Turicibacter	Increased indole-3-formaldehyde, 3-indolepropionic acid and decreased tryptophan	(175)