Table 1.

Molecular mechanisms, targeted cancers and neurological syndromes of different immunotherapies^*.

Immunotherapies	Molecular target: names (year of FDA approval)	Targeted cancers (FDA approved)	Serious adverse neurological events
CAR T-cell therapy	• Anti-CD19: Tisagenlecleucel (2017), axicabtagene cioleucel (2017), brexucabtagene autoleucel (2020), lisocabtagene maraleucel (2021) • Anti-BCMA: idecabtagene vicleucel (2021)	• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia • Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma • Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma • High-grade B-cell lymphoma • Follicular lymphoma • Mantle cell lymphoma • Multiple myeloma	Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) • Frontal predominant encephalopathy • Language disturbances • Dysgraphia • Seizures • Impaired consciousness • Akinetic mutism
Immune checkpoint inhibitors	• Anti-CTLA-4: Ipilimumab (2011) • Anti-PD-1: Nivolumab (2014), Pembrolizumab (2014), Cemiplimab (2018) • Anti-PD-L1: Atezolizumab (2016), Avelumab (2017), Durvalumab (2017)	• Skin (Metastatic melanoma, squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma) • Uro-genital (renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer • Lungs ( small and non-small cell lung cancers, colorectal cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma) • Gastro-intestinal (hepatoceullar, esophageal, gastric and colorectal carcinoma) • Breast cancer • Hodgkin's lymphoma • Head and neck cancer • Merkel cell carcinoma	• Meningitis • Encephalitis (e.g. limbic encephalitis, cerebellitis) • Demyelinating syndromes (e.g. optic neuritis, transverse myelitis) • CNS vasculitis • Neuropathy (e.g. CIDP, Guillan-Barrè syndromes) • Neuromuscular junction disorders (e.g. myasthenia gravis, LEMS) • Myopathy (e.g. immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy)

^*The present table is not meant to be an exhaustive list of cancer subtypes eligible for immunotherapies or neurological adverse events related to immunotherapies, yet it's an attempt to give the readers a general framework.

FDA, U.S. Food and drug administration; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; PD-1, programmed death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; CIDP, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; LEMS, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.