Table 4.
The signal pathway of EPO for SCI.
| References | Mechanism | Signal pathway |
|---|---|---|
| Gorio et al. (18) | Apoptosis, Inflammation | / |
| Leist et al. (35) | Apoptosis | STAT-5, JAK2, IL6, MCP-1 |
| Gorio et al. (36) | Inflammation | MIP-2, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β |
| Grasso et al. (37) | Inflammation | GFAP |
| Choi et al. (38) | Apoptosis | GFAP, VEGF, MAP-2 |
| Okutan et al. (author?) (39) | Apoptosis | caspase-3, MPO |
| Vitellaro-Zuccarello et al. (40) | Inflammation | NG2, GFAP, CNPase, ED1, 5HT, CSPG |
| Vitellaro-Zuccarello et al. (41) | Oxidative stress | AQP4, GFAP, CSPG, vimentin, dystrophin, syntrophin |
| Yazihan et al. (42) | Apoptosis, Oxidative stress | GSH, MDA, CAT, TNF-α |
| Fumagalli et al. (43) | Apoptosis | NGF, BDNF, FGF-2, CNTF, GDNF |
| Mann et al. (44) | Apoptosis | / |
| Pinzon et al. (45) | Apoptosis | / |
| Fang et al. (46) | Oxidative stress | TSP-1, TGF-β |
| Kontogeorgakos et al. (47) | Apoptosis | / |
| Huang et al. (48) | Apoptosis, ER stress | p-ERK, MKP-1 |
| Hong et al. (49) | Apoptosis | PDGF |
| Hwang et al. (50) | Apoptosis | MDI |
| Hong et al. (51) | Apoptosis | CHOP |
| Yilmaz (2012) | Apoptosis | MDA, Caspase-3 |
| Jin et al. (52) | Oxidative stress | Nrf2, NQO1, GST |
| Freitag et al. (53) | Apoptosis | |
| Yang et al. (54) | Apoptosis, Oxidative stress | CD68, LFB |
| Simon et al. (76) | Apoptosis | Chitinase 1, Chitinase 3, Stathmin, EF1α, senescence |
| Wu et al. (55) | Apoptosis | Bcl-2, Caspase-3 |
| de Mesquita et al. (25) | Apoptosis | / |
| Marcon et al. (56) | Apoptosis | / |
| Zhao et al. (57) | Apoptosis | ADM |
| Kökoglu et al. (58) | Oxidative stress | MDA, TAOC |
| Li et al. (59) | Apoptosis | VEGF, BDNF |
| Ozkunt et al. (60) | Apoptosis | PDGF-β, GFAP |
| Zhang et al. (61) | Apoptosis | BrdU, β-tubulin, GFAP, TRITC, FITC |
| Wang et al. (62) | Autophagy | p-AMPK/AMPK, p-mTOR/mTOR, p-p70S6K/p70S6K, LC3-I, LC3-II, Beclin, p62 |
| Barros et al. (63) | Apoptosis, Inflammation | IL-6 |
| Li et al. (64) | Apoptosis | BDNF |
| Zhong et al. (65) | Autophagy, ER stress | ERK/p-ERK, p-mTOR/mTOR, LC3 A/B, Beclin1, p62, GAP43, CD86, TNF-α, iNOS |
5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; ADM, adrenomedullin; AMPK, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; AQP4, aquaporin 4; Bcl-2, b cell lymphoma 2; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BMSC, bone marrow stromal cell; BrdU, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; CAT, catalase; CHOP, C/Ebp-homologous Protein; CNPase, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan; EF1α, elongation factor 1-alpha; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; GAP43, growth associated protein-43; GDNF, glial cell derived neurotrophie factor; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; GSH, glutathione; GST, glutathione s-transferase; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, Interleukin-8; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JAK2, janus kinase 2; LC3, light chain 3; MAP-2, microtubule Associated Protein 2; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MDA, malondialdehyde; MIP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-2; MKP-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MPO, myeloperoxidase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NGF, nerve growth factor; NQO1, nitroquinoline oxide 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor 2; p-AMPK, phospho-AMPK; PDGF, platelet derived growth factor; p-ERK, PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; p-mTOR, phospho-mTOR; p-p70S6K, phospho-p70 S6 kinase; STAT-5, signal transducers and activators of transcription 5; TAOC, tactical air operations center; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TRITC, Tetramethylrhodamine; TSP-1, thrombin-sensitive protein; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.