. 2022 May 8;24(3):410–428. doi: 10.1177/10998004221078079

Table 2.

Characteristics of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Randomized Controlled Trial Author (year)	Country	Duration (Follow-up)	Regimen	Matched Diets? (Yes/No)	N ^a	Attrition^b, %	Baseline Characteristics
Randomized Controlled Trial Author (year)	Country	Duration (Follow-up)	Regimen	Matched Diets? (Yes/No)	N ^a	Attrition^b, %	Age, years	Sex, % Female	BMI, kg/m²	Weight, kg
#1. Parvaresh et al. (2019)^{**, CA}	Iran	8 weeks	ADF	No	35^c	0.0	44.6 (9.08)^SD	40.0	31.1 (3.35)^SD	86.7 (10.65)^SD
#1. Parvaresh et al. (2019)^{**, CA}	Iran	8 weeks	CER	No	35^c	2.9	46.4 (7.94)^SD	41.2	31.6 (3.82)^SD	84.2 (12.21)^SD
#2. Beaulieu et al. (2020)^ITT	United Kingdom	12 weeks	ADF	No	24	25.0	35 (11)^SD	100.0	29.4 (2.5)^SD	81.2 (13.0)^SD
#2. Beaulieu et al. (2020)^ITT	United Kingdom	12 weeks	CER	No	22	9.1	34 (9)^SD	100.0	28.9 (2.3)^SD	78.6 (10.0)^SD
#3. Catenacci et al. (2016)^CA	United States	8 weeks (24 weeks)	ADF	No	15^c	6.7	39.6 (9.5)^SD	76.9	35.8 (3.7)^SD	94.7 (10.6)^SD
#3. Catenacci et al. (2016)^CA	United States	8 weeks (24 weeks)	CER	No	14^c	0.0	42.7 (7.9)^SD	75.0	39.5 (6.0)^SD	114.0 (20.0)^SD
#4. Coutinho et al. (2018)^CA	Norway	12 weeks	ADF	Yes	18^c	22.2	39.4 (11.0)^SD	71.4	35.6 (3.2)^SD	107.2 (13.6)^SD
#4. Coutinho et al. (2018)^CA	Norway	12 weeks	CER	Yes	17^c	17.6	39.1 (9.0)^SD	85.7	35.1 (4.2)^SD	97.5 (12.8)^SD
#5 a. Hutchison et al. (2019)^CA #5 b. Liu et al. (2019)^{2nd, CA}	Australia	8 weeks	ADF with 100% energy requirements per week	Yes	25	12.0	51.0 (2)^SE	100.0	31.2 (0.9)^SE	84.1 (2.8)^SE
			ADF with 70% energy requirements per week		25	12.0	49.0 (2.0)^SE	100.0	32.4 (0.8)^SE	89.4 (2.8)^SE
			CER70		26	7.7	51.0 (2.0)^SE	100.0	32.6 (1.0)^SE	88.4 (2.8)^SE
			Control		12	8.3	49.0 (3.0)^SE	100.0	30.9 (1.5)^SE	83.8 (4.8)^SE
#6. Bowen et al. (2018)^CA	Australia	16 weeks (8 weeks)	ADF	Unclear	82	18.3	40.0 (8.3)^SD	81.7	35.7 (5.8)^SD	100.6 (19.6)^SD
#6. Bowen et al. (2018)^CA	Australia	16 weeks (8 weeks)	CER	Unclear	81	16.0	40.6 (8.8)^SD	80.2	35.5 (5.5)^SD	99.6 (15.6)^SD
#7. Razavi et al. (2020)^{*, CA, ∼}	Iran	16 weeks	ADF	No	40^c	5	41.3 (8.65)^SD	40.0	31.3 (3.12)^SD	89.4 (7.72)^SD
#7. Razavi et al. (2020)^{*, CA, ∼}	Iran	16 weeks	CER	No	40^c	7.5	43.1 (9.26)^SD	41.2	31.2 (3.95)^SD	87.1 (8.17)^SD
#8 a. Trepanowski et al. (2017)^ITT #8 b. Trepanowski et al. (2018)^2nd, CA #8 c. Barnosky et al. (2017)^{X, 2nd, CA} #8 d. Gabel et al. (2019)^{#, X, 2nd, CA} #8 e. Miranda et al. (2018)^{X, 2nd, CA}	United States	52 weeks	ADF	Yes	34	38.2	44.0 (10.0)^SD	88.2	34.0 (4.0)^SD	95.0 (13.0)^SD
			CER	Yes	35	28.6	43.0 (12.0)^SD	82.9	35.0 (4.0)^SD	101.0 (16.0)^SD
			Control		35	22.9	44.0 (11.0)^SD	77.1	34.0 (4.0)^SD	92.0 (16.0)^SD
#9. Varady et al. (2011)^CA	United States	12 weeks	ADF	No	15^c	13.3	47.0 (2.0)^SE	76.9	32.0 (2.0)^SE	NR
			CER	No	15^c	20.0	47.0 (3.0)^SE	83.3	32.0 (2.0)^SE	NR
			Exercise		15^c	20.0	46.0 (3.0)^SE	83.3	33.0 (1.0)^SE	NR
			Control		15^c	20.0	46.0 (3.0)^SE	83.3	32.0 (2.0)^SE	NR
#10 a. Bhutani et al. (2013c)^ITT #10 b. Bhutani et al. (2013a)^2nd, ITT #10 c. Bhutani et al. (2013b)^{2nd, ITT}	United States	12 weeks	ADF	Yes	25	36.0	42.0 (2.0)^SE	96.0	35.0 (1.0)^SE	94.0 (3.0)^SE
			ADF with exercise	Yes	18	11.1	45.0 (5.0)^SE	100.0	35.0 (1.0)^SE	91.0 (6.0)^SE
			Exercise		24	33.3	42.0 (2.0)^SE	95.8	35.0 (1.0)^SE	93.0 (2.0)^SE
			Control		16	0.0	49.0 (2.0)^SE	93.8	35.0 (1.0)^SE	93.0 (5.0)^SE
#11. Cho et al. (2019)^{CA, ^}	Korea	8 weeks	ADF	Yes	26^c	26.9	33.5 (5.0)^SD	75.0	27.8 (3.4)^SD	74.6 (13.7)^SD
			ADF with exercise		28^c	25	34.5 (5.7)^SD	44.4	28.0 (2.6)^SD	78.2 (14.5)^SD
			Exercise		24^c	29.2	38.6 (8.2)^SD	44.4	26.9 (3.9)^SD	74.2 (13.2)^SD
			Control		22^c	27.3	42.6 (10.6)^SD	66.6	25.8 (3.4)^SD	71.1 (11.7)^SD
#12. Hoddy et al. (2014)^CA	United States	8 weeks	ADF with small meal at lunch	Yes	24^c	16.7	46.0 (3.0)^SE	85.0	35.0 (1.0)^SE	94.0 (2.0)^SE
			ADF with small meal at dinner		25^c	24.0	45.0 (3.0)^SE	78.9	34.0 (1.0)^SE	97.0 (3.0)^SE
			ADF with small meals throughout the day		25^c	20.0	46.0 (2.0)^SE	90.0	34.0 (1.0)^SE	90.0 (2.0)^SE
#13 a. Klempel et al. (2013b)^CA #13 b. Klempel et al. (2013c)^CA #13 c. Klempel et al. (2013a)^2nd, CA #13 d. Varady et al. (2015)^{X, 2nd, CA}	United States	8 weeks	ADF with high fat diet	Yes	17^c	11.8	42.4 (3.0)^SE	100.0	35.3 (0.7)^SE	91.5 (2.6)^SE
	United States	8 weeks	ADF with low fat diet	Yes	18^c	5.6	43.2 (2.3)^SE	100.0	35.5 (0.7)^SE	91.5 (2.9)^SE
#14. Antoni et al. (2018)^CA	United Kingdom	Max duration of 36 weeks	5:2	Yes	24^c	37.5	42.0 (4.0)^SE	53.3	29.8 (0.9)^SE	88.8 (3.4)^SE
#14. Antoni et al. (2018)^CA	United Kingdom	Max duration of 36 weeks	CER	Yes	24^c	50.0	48.0 (3.0)^SE	50.0	30.8 (1.1)^SE	89.3 (4.5)^SE
#15 a. Carter et al. (2018)^{+, ITT} #15 b. Carter et al. (2019)^{+, 2nd, ITT}	Australia	52 weeks (52 weeks)	5:2	Yes	70	27.1	61.0 (9.0)^SD	55.7	35.0 (5.8)^SD	100.0 (19)^SD
	Australia	52 weeks (52 weeks)	CER	Yes	67	31.3	61.0 (9.2)^SD	56.7	37.0 (5.7)^SD	102.0 (17)^SD
#16. Carter et al. (2016)^{+, ITT (weight and HbA1c only) + CA}	Australia	12 weeks	5:2	No	31	16.1	61.0 (7.5)^SD	54.8	35.0 (4.8)^SD	99.0 (16.0)^SD
	Australia	12 weeks	CER	No	32	21.9	62.0 (9.1)^SD	50.0	36.0 (5.2)^SD	99.0 (15.0)^SD
#17. Conley et al. (2018)^CA	Australia	24 weeks	5:2	No	12^c	8.3	68.0 (2.7)^SE	0.0	33.4 (1.8)^SE	99.1 (7.9)^SE
#17. Conley et al. (2018)^CA	Australia	24 weeks	CER	No	12^c	0.0	67.1 (3.9)^SE	0.0	36.2 (4.3)^SE	107.3 (17.1)^SE
#18. Schübel et al. (2018)^ITT	Germany	24 weeks (26 weeks)	5:2	Yes	49	4.1	49.4 (9.0)^SD	49.0	32.0 (3.8)^SD	96.4 (15.8)^SD
			CER	Yes	49	8.2	50.5 (8.0)^SD	49.0	31.2 (4.0)^SD	92.5 (15.7)^SD
			Control		52	1.9	50.7 (7.1)^SD	52.0	31.1 (3.6)^SD	93.3 (13.3)^SD
#19 a. Sundfør et al. (2018)^ITT #19 b. Sundfør et al. (2018)^{2nd, CA}	Norway	52 weeks	5:2	Yes	54	7.4	49.9 (10.1)^SD	48.1	35.1 (3.9)^SD	108.6 (16.3)^SD
	Norway	52 weeks	CER	Yes	58	5.2	47.5 (11.6)^SD	51.7	35.3 (3.5)^SD	107.5 (16.1)^SD
#20. Hirsh et al. (2019)^CA	United States	7.5 weeks	5:2	No	10	0.0	43.4 (13.0)^SD	80.0	26.7 (1.9)^SD	76.3 (9.8)^SD
#20. Hirsh et al. (2019)^CA	United States	7.5 weeks	Control	No	12	0.0	39.0 (10.7)^SD	41.7	27.7 (3.1)^SD	79.4 (8.9)^SD
#21. Hottenrott et al. (2020)^CA	Germany	12 weeks	5:2 with placebo	Yes	20	10.0	NR	NR	NR	NR
			5:2 with alkaline supplementation	Yes	20	15.0	NR	NR	NR	NR
			Control with placebo	Yes	20	15.0	NR	NR	NR	NR
			Control with alkaline supplementation	Yes	20	20.0	NR	NR	NR	NR
#22. Corley et al. (2018)^{+, CA}	New Zealand	12 weeks	5:2 with consecutive fasting days	Yes	19^c	5.3	62 (44–77)	38.9	36.6 (5.3)^SD	108.7 (20.4)^SD
#22. Corley et al. (2018)^{+, CA}	New Zealand	12 weeks	5:2 with nonconsecutive fasting days	Yes	22^c	13.6	58 (42–74)	42.1	36.8 (5.2)^SD	109.8 (20.3)^SD
#23. Byrne et al. (2018)^ITT	Australia	30/16 weeks (WOWO/CER) (24 weeks)	WOWO	Yes	26	26.9	39.9 (9.2)^SD	0.0	34.6 (4.2)^SD	109.8 (14.1)^SD
#23. Byrne et al. (2018)^ITT	Australia	30/16 weeks (WOWO/CER) (24 weeks)	CER	Yes	25	12.0	39.3 (6.6)^SD	0.0	34.4 (3.3)^SD	111.6 (10.0)^SD
#24. Keogh et al. (2014)^CA	Australia	52 weeks	WOWO	No	39^c	51.3	59.5 (8.7)^SD	100.0	33.1 (3.8)^SD	86.9 (14.1)^SD
#24. Keogh et al. (2014)^CA	Australia	52 weeks	CER	No	36^c	52.8	60.8 (12.5)^SD	100.0	33.0 (7.5)^SD	90.2 (18.8)^SD
#25 a. Headland et al. (2019a)^{ITT (weight only)+CA} #25 b. Headland et al. (2020)^{2nd, CA} #25 c. Headland et al. (2019b)^{X, 2nd, CA}	Australia	52 weeks (52 weeks)	5:2	Yes	118	58.5	47.5 (14.5)^SD	77.1	32.7 (5.1)^SD	88.8 (14.9)^SD
			WOWO		110	60.0	49.0 (13.2)^SD	85.5	33.3 (5.1)^SD	92.6 (17.1)^SD
			CER		104	49.0	51.7 (13.0)^SD	81.7	32.2 (4.0)^SD	88.2 (13.7)^SD
#26 a. Klempel et al. (2012)^CA #26 b. Kroeger et al. (2012)^CA	United States	8 weeks	6:1 with liquid meal replacements	Yes	28^c	7.1	47.0 (2.0)^SE	100.0	35.0 (1.0)^SE	95.0 (3.0)^SE
	United States	8 weeks	6:1 with food-based diet	Yes	26^c	15.4	48.0 (2.0)^SE	100.0	35.0 (1.0)^SE	94.0 (3.0)^SE
#27. Chow et al. (2020)^CA	United States	12 weeks	TRF	No	13^c	15.4	46.5 (12.4)^SD	81.8	33.8 (7.6)^SD	95.2 (22.6)^SD
#27. Chow et al. (2020)^CA	United States	12 weeks	Control	No	9^c	0.0	44.2 (12.3)^SD	88.9	34.4 (7.8)^SD	100.9 (28.1)^SD

Note. ^X = sub sample from parent study; ^2nd = secondary analysis; ^ITT = intention-to-treat analysis; ^CA = completer’s analysis; ^SD = standard deviation; ^SE = standard error; NR = not reported; ADF = alternate day fasting; TRF = time restricted feeding; CER = continuous energy restriction; WOWO = week-on-week-off.

⁺ = participants with type 2 DM; ^* = participants with metabolic syndrome; ^# = participants characterized as insulin resistant; ^{^} = inclusion criteria BMI >23. ADF = participants randomized into a form of the alternate day fasting eating pattern; 5:2 = participants randomized into a form of the 5:2 eating pattern; WOWO = participants randomized into a form of the week on and week off eating pattern; Control = participants with no prescribed diet interventions, participants were informed to maintain their usual diet; 6:1 = 6 days of restricted or ad libitum intake with 1 day of fasting; TRF = time restricted fasting eating pattern.

^arandomized.

^bfrom randomized population to end of weight loss and/or weight maintenance phase, attrition for follow-up not included.

^cbaseline data of completers only, baseline data of all randomized participants were not available.