Table 4.
Intermittent Energy Restriction versus Continuous Energy Restriction: Anthropometric, Cardiometabolic, Inflammatory, and Appetite Outcomes.
| Short-Term a | Long-Term b | |||||
| Weight loss | #1; #5 a, b; #7; #23 | #2; #3; #4; #6; #9; #16; #18; #19 b; #24 | #23f | #8 a, b, c, d; #14; #15 a; #17; #18;
#19 a; #25 a, c #3*; #15 b*; #18*; #24*; #25 b* |
||
| Waist circumference | #1; #7 | #2; #5 a, b; #18 | #14; #17; #18; #19 a;
#24 #18* |
|||
| Body fat percentage | #2; #16 | #15 a #15 b* |
||||
| Fat mass (kg) | #5 a; #7 | #2; #3; #4; #6; #16; #23 | #8 a, b, c, d; #14; #15 a; #25
a #3*; #15 b*; #23*; #25 b* |
|||
| Lean mass (kg) | #3 | #8 a, c, d; #25 a #3*; #25 b* |
||||
| Fat-free mass | #2; #4; #5 a; #6; #7; #16; #23 | #8 b; #14; #15 a #15 b*; #23* |
||||
| Resting metabolic rate | #23g | #2; #3; #4; #19 a | #14 #3* |
|||
| Cardiometabolic | IER > CER c | IER < CER d | IER = CER e | IER > CER c | IER < CER d | IER = CER e |
| Systolic blood pressure | #1 | #5 a; #8 a; #18 | #14 | #8 a, d; #17 #18* |
||
| Diastolic blood pressure | #1; #5 a; #6; #18 | #8 a, d; #14; #17; #19
a #18* |
||||
| Heart rate | #8 a, d; #19 a | |||||
| Fasting glucose | #1 | #18 | #3; #5 a; #6 | #8 a, b, d; #14; #17; #18;
#25a #3*; #15 b*; #18*; #25 b* |
||
| Fasting insulin | #1; #3; #5 a; #6; #18 | #8 a, b; #14; #18 #3*; #18* |
||||
| HbA1c | #16 | #15 a #15 b* |
||||
| HOMA-IR | #1; #5 a; #6; #18 | #8 a; #14; #18 #18* |
||||
| Triglycerides | #9 | #5 a; #6 | #1; #3; #18 | #8 a, d; #14; #15 a; #17; #18; #19 a;
#25 a #3*; #15 b*; #18*; #25 b* |
||
| Total cholesterol | #5 a | #1; #3; #9; #18 | #8 a, d; #14, #15 a; #17; #18; #19 a;
#25 a #15 b*; #18*; #25 b* |
|||
| LDL | #5 a | #1; #3; #6; #9; #18 | #8 a | #15 a, #17, #18, #19.a, #25
a #15 b*; #18*, #25b* |
||
| HDL | #5 a | #1; #3; #6; #9; #18 | #8 a, d; #14; #15 a; #17; #18; #19 a;
#25 a #15 b*; #18*; #25 b* |
|||
| Inflammatory | IER > CER c | IER < CER d | IER = CER e | IER > CER c | IER < CER d | IER = CER e |
| hs-CRP | #7 | #5 a; #6; #18 | #8 a, d; #18; #19 a #18* |
|||
| IL-6 | #6 b; #7; #18 | #8 b, d | ||||
| IL-8 | #18 | |||||
| IL-10 | #5 b | |||||
| IFN-γ | #18 | |||||
| TNF-α | #5 b; #7; #18 | #8 b, d | ||||
| Appetite | IER > CER c | IER < CER d | IER = CER e | IER > CER c | IER < CER d | IER = CER e |
| Leptin | #3; #18 | #8 b; #18 #3* |
||||
| Ghrelin | #3; #4 | #3* | ||||
| Resistin | #18* | #8 b; #18* | ||||
| BDNF | #3; #18 | #3* | ||||
| Adiponectin | #18 | #8 b | ||||
Note. If study reported intention-to-treat, completer's, and/or subpopulation analysis, the intention-to-treat analysis was reported. IER = intermittent energy restriction; CER = continuous energy restriction; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL = low density lipoprotein; HDL = high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP = high sensitivity c-reactive protein; IL-6 = interleukin-6; IL-8 = interleukin-8; IL-10 = interleukin-10; IFN-γ = interferon-gamma; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha; BDNF = brain derived neurotropic factor.
^ = adjusted for fat mass and fat-free mass.
*follow-up
a< 24 weeks.
b≥ 24 weeks.
cintermittent energy restriction shows significantly greater improvement in comparison to continuous energy restriction.
dintermittent fasting shows significantly less improvement in comparison to continuous energy restriction.
eno significant between group differences.