Table 1.
The effect of probiotics on the intestinal innate immunity.
| Probiotic | Object | Does (CFU) | Treatment period | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bifidobacterium breve M-16V | Rat | 5 × 107–2 × 108 | D6–D18 | TLR4+ cells↑ | (147) |
| Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 | Mice | 1 × 108 | D2–D21 | TNF-α↑ | (148) |
| Bifidobacterium. subtilis RJGP16 | Pig | 5 × 109, 1010, 1.5 × 1010 | D1, D7, D11 | IL-6, TLR2↑ | (149) |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 | Mice | 3 × 107 | D1–D7 | MUC2, MUC3, MUC4↑ TGF-β1, TFF3 ↑ Acidic mucin↑ |
(150) |
| Bifidobacterium longum | Rat | 1 × 1010 | D1–D21 | DCs↑ IL-12, IL-10, IFN-γ↑ |
(151) |
| Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis | Rat | 5 × 106 | D4–D7 | TFF3↑ | (152) |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii | Pig | 5 × 109 | D1, D3, D7, D14 | IL-6, CX3CL1↑ | (153) |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Pig | 109 | D3–D8 | GCs↑ Tcf4↑ MUC2, Lysozyme-1, pBD-1, IL-22↑ The area of PP↑ |
(154) |
| Lactobacillus salivarius | Pig | 5 × 109, 1010, 1.5 × 1010 | D1, D7, D11 | TLR2, pBD-2 ↑ | (149) |
| Lactobacillus salivarius | Pig | 5 × 109, 1010, 1.5 × 1010 | D1, D7, D11 | pBD-2↑ | (155) |
| Lactobacillus casei | Rabbit | 5–6 × 108 | D5–D13 | PCs ↑ TLR9, Defen, lysozyme↑ |
(156) |
| Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 | Mice | 106 | D5–D9 | DCs↑ | (157) |
| Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 | Pig | 106 | D1–D3 | IL-10↑ IL-6, TNF-α, TLR4, and NF-κB↓ |
(158) |
| Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 | Rat | 5–10 × 109 | D1–D4 | DCs↑ IL-1β↑ |
(159) |
|
Bifidobacterium subtilis RJGP16
Lactobacillus salivarius |
Pig | 5 × 109, 1010, 1.5 × 1010 | D1, D7, D11 | IL-6, TLR2, pBD-2↑ | (149) |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii | Pig | 5–20 × 109 | D1, 3, 7, 14 | TLR2, TLR4↑ DCs produced TNF-α, IL-12↑ |
(160) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | Mice | 1.25 × 108 | D14–D28 | DCs↑ | (161) |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Mice | 1 × 107 | D1–D5 | GCs↑ | (162) |
| Lactobacillus salivarius B1 | Pig | 5, 10, 15, 20 × 109 | D1, D7, D11, D26 | pBD-2↑ | (155) |
| Lactobacillus paracasei | Mice | 109 | D1–D14 | MUC2↑ Ki67↑ ZO-1↑ |
(163) |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Chick | 108 | D3–D7 | GCs↑ MUC2↑ lysozyme↑ |
(164) |
| Enterococcus faecium EF1 | Pig | 1–1.2 × 109 | D1, D3, D5 | TGF-β and TNF-α↑ TLR2 and TLR9↑ |
(165) |
| Enterococcus faecium EF1 | Pig | 6 × 108 | D1, D3, D5 | IL-10 and TGF-β↑ | (166) |
| Bacillus subtilis RZ001 | Mice | 1 × 107 | D2–D15 | GCs↑ MUC2↑ |
(167) |
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | Pig | 105 | D6–D20 | pDCs↑ IL-12↑ |
(168) |
|
Lactobacillus casei
Enterococcus faecalis |
Pig | 1–4 × 109 | D1, D7, D14, D21 | TGF-β↑ TNF-α↓ |
(169) |
| Saccharomyces boulardii | Pig | 1 × 1010 | D4–D24 | pBD2, pBD3, pBD114, pBD129↑ MUC1↑ |
(170) |
↑, up regulation; ↓, down regulation.