Figure 3.

Adjusted mean foveal curvature by deciles of covariates stratified by sex (annual income and Townsend index of deprivation shown in quintiles). Adjusted means (solid black dots), 95% confidence intervals (vertical solid lines), and regression line (dotted line) are from a multilevel model allowing for age, height, ethnicity, and UK Biobank center as fixed effects, and repeated foveal curvature measurement for each person. *Ethnicity codes: W, white; B, black; A, Asian; M, mixed; C, Chinese; O, other. † Visual acuity shown in logMAR for visualization purposes. GBP, pound sterling; O/CSE, O levels, certificate of secondary education or equivalent.