Table 3.
Standardized Difference in Fovea Curvature Per Specified Differences in Covariates ([95% CI]; p-Value) for Females.
| Characteristic | Females Model 1* | Females Model 2† | Females Model 3‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Per Decade) | 0.07 (0.06, 0.08); 6.8e-28 | 0.08 (0.07, 0.09); 1.8e-34 | 0.08 (0.07, 0.10); 9.4e-30 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Black | −0.54 (−0.59, −0.48); 5.1e-75 | −0.73 (−0.79, −0.67); 1.8e-120 | −0.70 (−0.77, −0.63); 2.3e-93 |
| Asian | −0.46 (−0.53, −0.40); 2.2e-44 | −0.59 (−0.66, −0.52); 1.4e-63 | −0.56 (−0.63, −0.48); 9.9e-48 |
| Other | −0.35 (−0.43, −0.27); 3.8e-18 | −0.45 (−0.53, −0.36); 4.4e-25 | −0.40 (−0.49, −0.31); 8.2e-18 |
| Mixed | −0.15 (−0.24, −0.05); 0.002 | −0.26 (−0.35, −0.16); 3.7e-07 | −0.24 (−0.34, −0.13); 7.5e-06 |
| Chinese | −0.15 (−0.30, −0.01); 0.032 | −0.32 (−0.46, −0.17); 2.5e-05 | −0.30 (−0.45, −0.14); 1.7e-04 |
| Prefer not to say | −0.42 (−0.59, −0.26); 6.9e-07 | −0.51 (−0.69, −0.33); 1.7e-08 | −0.52 (−0.72, −0.33); 9.5e-08 |
| Missing | −0.41 (−0.63, −0.18); 3.5e-04 | −0.44 (−0.68, −0.20); 3.1e-04 | § |
| Height (per 5 cm) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05); 5.5e-24 | 0.04 (0.03, 0.04); 2.4e-19 | 0.03 (0.03, 0.04); 6.9e-16 |
| Visual acuity (per 5 letters) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02); 1.6e-16 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02); 1.4e-15 | |
| Spherical equivalent (per diopter) | −0.04 (−0.05, −0.04); 6.4e-105 | −0.04 (−0.04, −0.04); 1.3e-96 | |
| Corneal astigmatism (per diopter) | −0.07 (−0.08, −0.06); 3.2e-33 | −0.07 (−0.08, −0.06); 4.0e-32 | |
| Macula curvature (per 0.01) | 0.29 (0.23, 0.35); 1.4e-21 | 0.28 (0.22, 0.34); 1.7e-19 | |
| Center point retinal thickness (per 10 µm) | −0.13 (−0.13, −0.13); 0.0e+00 | −0.13 (−0.14, −0.13); 0.0e+00 | |
| Fluid intelligence | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01); 9.8e-04 | ||
| Annual income (Great British Pound) | |||
| Less than 18,000 | 1.00 | ||
| 18,000 to 30,999 | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04); 0.701 | ||
| 31,000 to 51,999 | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04); 0.589 | ||
| 52,000 to 100,000 | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05); 0.605 | ||
| Greater than 100,000 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08); 0.181 | ||
| Prefer not to say | 0.04 (0.00, 0.07); 0.055 | ||
| Missing | −0.02 (−0.27, 0.23); 0.872 | ||
| Per increase in income category | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06); 0.230 | ||
| Birth order | |||
| 1 | 1.00 | ||
| 2 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03); 0.311 | ||
| 3 | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02); 0.259 | ||
| 4 | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.03); 0.569 | ||
| Missing | 0.19 (−0.23, 0.60); 0.371 |
Bold P values represent statistically significant results.
Model 1: multilevel model adjusts for age, ethnicity, and height as fixed effects, and a random effect for person to allow for within person eye measurements (59,642 eyes of 35,097 patients).
Model 2 adjusts as model 1 plus visual acuity, spherical equivalent, corneal astigmatism, macular curvature, and center point foveal thickness as fixed effects (54,489 eyes of 32,564 patients).
Model 3 adjusts as model 2 plus deprivation, higher education, fluid intelligence score, annual income, and birth order as fixed effects (53,135 eyes of 31,727 patients).
No missing data on ethnicity on this model.