Table 2. Associations of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy With Regional Brain Volumes in Children 10 Years of Age^a.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy	Cerebral gray matter volume		Cerebral white matter volume		Cerebellar volume
	b (95% CI)	P value	b (95% CI)	P value	b (95% CI)	P value
Minimally adjusted modelb
Never	[Reference]	NA	[Reference]	NA	[Reference]	NA
Until pregnancy was known	1.8 (−4.9 to 8.4)	.60	−0.6 (−6.2 to 5.1)	.84	0.6 (−1.0 to 2.2)	.48
Continued	−15.2 (−20.7 to −9.7)	<.001	−10.3 (−15.0 to −5.6)	<.001	−2.3 (−3.6 to −1.0)	<.001
Fully adjusted modelc
Never	[Reference]	NA	[Reference]	NA	[Reference]	NA
Until pregnancy was known	0.7 (−5.8 to 7.2)	.83	−1.1 (−6.8 to 4.6)	.70	0.6 (−1.0 to 2.2)	.45
Continued	−7.8 (−13.4 to −2.3)	.006d	−5.9 (−10.7 to −1.0)	.02d	−0.8 (−2.2 to 0.6)	.26

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.

^a Linear regression was used. The b values represent volumetric differences (in cm³) of the group that smoked until pregnancy was known (n = 238) or the group that continued smoking (n = 364) compared with the never smoked (reference) group (n = 2102).

^b Adjusted for child sex and age at brain assessment.

^c Adjusted for child sex and age at brain assessment and maternal ethnicity, age at enrollment, marital status, educational level, psychopathology score, alcohol use during pregnancy, and household income.

^d Indicates P values that survived a false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons.