Table 3. Association of Periconceptional Paternal Smoking With Brain Volumes in Children 10 Years of Age^a.

Brain structure	Maternal-reported paternal smoking			Self-reported paternal smoking
	No. exposed/unexposed	b (95% CI)	P value	No. exposed/unexposed	b (95% CI)	P value
Total brain	1021/1414	−1.4 (−8.7 to 5.9)	.71	728/1028	−4.2 (−12.9 to 4.6)	.35
Cerebral gray matter	1021/1414	−1.3 (−5.2 to 2.6)	.51	728/1028	−3.5 (−8.2 to 1.1)	.13
Cerebral white matter	1021/1414	0.02 (−3.4 to 3.4)	.99	728/1028	−0.2 (−4.2 to 3.9)	.94
Cerebellum	1021/1414	−0.2 (−1.1 to 0.8)	.69	728/1028	−0.5 (−1.6 to 0.6)	.39
Thalamusb	1021/1414	−0.01 (−0.1 to 0.04)	.66	728/1028	−0.04 (−0.1 to 0.02)	.19
Amygdalab	1021/1414	0.1 (−0.01 to 0.1)	.08	728/1028	−0.01 (−0.1 to 0.1)	.81
Hippocampusb	1021/1414	0.03 (−0.04 to 0.09)	.37	728/1028	−0.02 (−0.1 to 0.06)	.62
Putamenb	1021/1414	0.1 (0.04 to 0.2)	.002	728/1028	0.1 (0.03 to 0.2)	.01
Pallidumb	1021/1414	0.1 (0.01 to 0.1)	.03	728/1028	0.1 (−0.01 to 0.1)	.10
Caudateb	1021/1414	0.02 (−0.1 to 0.1)	.66	728/1028	−0.01 (−0.1 to 0.1)	.76
Accumbensb	1021/1414	−0.04 (−0.1 to 0.03)	.25	728/1028	−0.1 (−0.2 to 0.01)	.07

^a The b values represent volumetric differences (in cm³) between children exposed to paternal tobacco use vs nonexposed children (ie, the reference group). Standardized differences were used for subcortical structures including the thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, putamen, pallidum, caudate, and accumbens. Linear regression models were adjusted for child sex and age at brain assessment, and maternal ethnicity, age at enrollment, marital status, educational level, psychopathology score, alcohol use during pregnancy, and household income.

^b Additionally adjusted for intracranial volume.