Table 2.
Association between dietary fiber intake and all-cause mortality
| Variables | Median (g/day) | Cohort (n) | Cases (n) | Crude HR (95% CI), p-value | Adjusted HR* (95% CI), p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | |||||
| Q1 (< 11.12) | 8.83 | 17,360 | 3852 | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (≥ 11.12 to < 14.71) | 12.95 | 17,330 | 3515 | 0.88 (0.84–0.93), p < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.84–0.92), p < 0.001 |
| Q3 (≥ 14.71 to < 18.41) | 16.48 | 17,322 | 3380 | 0.83 (0.79–0.87), p < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.78–0.86), p < 0.001 |
| Q4 (≥ 18.41 to < 23.75) | 20.74 | 17,304 | 3348 | 0.82 (0.78–0.85), p < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.73–0.82), p < 0.001 |
| Q5 (≥ 23.75) | 28.75 | 17,326 | 3441 | 0.83 (0.79–0.87), p < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.66–0.75), p < 0.001 |
| p for trend < 0.001 | p for trend < 0.001 | ||||
| Insoluble | |||||
| Q1 (< 7.21) | 5.7 | 17,366 | 3871 | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (≥ 7.21 to < 9.63) | 8.44 | 17,342 | 3554 | 0.89 (0.85–0.93), p < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.85–0.93), p < 0.001 |
| Q3 (≥ 9.63 to < 12.11) | 10.8 | 17,312 | 3361 | 0.82 (0.78–0.86), p < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.78–0.86), p < 0.001 |
| Q4 (≥ 12.11 to < 15.73) | 13.69 | 17,332 | 3318 | 0.80 (0.77–0.84), p < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.73–0.81), p < 0.001 |
| Q5 (≥ 15.73) | 19.09 | 17,290 | 3432 | 0.82 (0.78–0.86), p < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.67–0.75), p < 0.001 |
| p for trend < 0.001 | p for trend < 0.001 | ||||
| Soluble fiber | |||||
| Q1 (< 3.72) | 2.97 | 17,395 | 3817 | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (≥ 3.72 to < 4.91) | 4.32 | 17,304 | 3477 | 0.89 (0.85–0.93), p < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.85–0.93), p < 0.001 |
| Q3 (≥ 4.91 to < 6.15) | 5.49 | 17,351 | 3404 | 0.85 (0.81–0.89), p < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.80–0.88), p < 0.001 |
| Q4 (≥ 6.15 to < 7.92) | 6.91 | 17,266 | 3290 | 0.81 (0.77–0.85), p < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.73–0.81), p < 0.001 |
| Q5 (≥ 7.92) | 9.62 | 17,326 | 3548 | 0.87 (0.83–0.91), p < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.71–0.81), p < 0.001 |
| p for trend < 0.001 | p for trend < 0.001 | ||||
*Adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male vs. female), race (non-Hispanic White vs. Other), body mass index (BMI, < 25.0 kg/m2 vs. ≥ 25.0 kg/m2), education (≤ high school vs. ≥ some college), smoking status (never vs. former ≤ 15 years since quit vs. former > 15 years since quit vs. former year since quit unknown vs. current smoker ≤ 1 pack per day vs. current smoker > 1 pack per day vs. current smoker intensity unknown), marital status (married vs. not married), alcohol drinking status (never vs. former vs. current), and total energy intake (continuous)