Table 3.
Association between dietary fiber intake and CVD mortality
| Variables | Median (g/day) | Cohort (n) | Cases (n) | Crude HR (95% CI), p-value | Adjusted HR* (95% CI), p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | |||||
| Q1 (< 11.12) | 8.83 | 17,360 | 1044 | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (≥ 11.12 to < 14.71) | 12.95 | 17,330 | 987 | 0.91 (0.84–1.00), p = 0.044 | 0.91 (0.84–1.00), p = 0.046 |
| Q3 (≥ 14.71 to < 18.41) | 16.48 | 17,322 | 931 | 0.84 (0.77–0.92), p < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.76–0.92), p < 0.001 |
| Q4 (≥ 18.41 to < 23.75) | 20.74 | 17,304 | 913 | 0.82 (0.75–0.89), p < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.70–0.86), p < 0.001 |
| Q5 (≥ 23.75) | 28.75 | 17,326 | 967 | 0.85 (0.78–0.93), p < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.65–0.83), p < 0.001 |
| p for trend < 0.001 | p for trend < 0.001 | ||||
| Insoluble | |||||
| Q1 (< 7.21) | 5.7 | 17,366 | 1055 | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (≥ 7.21 to < 9.63) | 8.44 | 17,342 | 1003 | 0.92 (0.84–1.00), p = 0.056 | 0.92 (0.84–1.00), p = 0.063 |
| Q3 (≥ 9.63 to < 12.11) | 10.8 | 17,312 | 920 | 0.82 (0.75–0.90), p < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.75–0.90), p < 0.001 |
| Q4 (≥ 12.11 to < 15.73) | 13.69 | 17,332 | 899 | 0.79 (0.73–0.87), p < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.69–0.84), p < 0.001 |
| Q5 (≥ 15.73) | 19.09 | 17,290 | 965 | 0.84 (0.77–0.92), p < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.65–0.81), p < 0.001 |
| p for trend < 0.001 | p for trend < 0.001 | ||||
| Soluble fiber | |||||
| Q1 (< 3.72) | 2.97 | 17,395 | 1059 | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (≥ 3.72 to < 4.91) | 4.32 | 17,304 | 930 | 0.85 (0.78–0.93), p < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.79–0.95), p = 0.002 |
| Q3 (≥ 4.91 to < 6.15) | 5.49 | 17,351 | 945 | 0.85 (0.78–0.93), p < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.77–0.93), p = 0.001 |
| Q4 (≥ 6.15 to < 7.92) | 6.91 | 17,266 | 914 | 0.81 (0.74–0.88), p < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.71–0.86), p < 0.001 |
| Q5 (≥ 7.92) | 9.62 | 17,326 | 994 | 0.88 (0.80–0.96), p = 0.003 | 0.78 (0.69–0.88), p < 0.001 |
| p for trend = 0.011 | p for trend < 0.001 | ||||
*Adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male vs. female), race (non-Hispanic White vs. Other), body mass index (BMI, < 25.0 kg/m2 vs. ≥ 25.0 kg/m2), education (≤ high school vs. ≥ some college), smoking status (never vs. former ≤ 15 years since quit vs. former > 15 years since quit vs. former year since quit unknown vs. current smoker ≤ 1 pack per day vs. current smoker > 1 pack per day vs. current smoker intensity unknown), marital status (married vs. not married), alcohol drinking status (never vs. former vs. current), and total energy intake (continuous)