Table 1.
Baseline and socio-demographic characteristics of the reviewed studies
| Author | Study location | Study design | Duration of HIV (years) | HIV viral load (copies/ml) | Sample size (N) | PLWH | Age mean | Proportion of male population | Number of medications | Numerical definition | Duration of polypharmacy | Descriptive (HIV, non-HIV, or both) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cantudo-Cuenca 2014 | Spain | Prospective observational | UD (70.4%) | 594 | 118 | 47 | 0.801 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV | ||
| Gimeno-Gracia 2015 | Spain | Retrospective | 13.6 | UD (88%) | 118 | 27 | 54.8 | 77.1 | ≥ 5 | Yes | > 1 day, > 90 days, > 180 days | Both |
| Gimeno-Gracia 2016 | Spain | Retrospective (descriptive) | UD (91.9%) | 199 | 53 | 52 | 73.4 | ≥ 5 | Yes | > 1 day, > 90 days, > 180 days | Non-HIV | |
| Guaraldi 2016 | Italy | Cross sectional | 19 | 2944 | 992 | 48.37 | 66.3 | ≥ 5 | Yes | 4 months | Non-HIV | |
| Guaraldi 2018 | Italy | Cross sectional | 1573 | 1258 | 71.47 | 82.7 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV | |||
| Halloran 2019 | Ireland | Prospective observational | 1072 | 158 | 56 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Both | ||||
| Holtzman 2013 | USA | Cross sectional | 3810 | 3810 | 44 | 79 | ≥ 5 | Yes | both | |||
| Justice 2018 | USA | Prospective observational | 49,285 | 9473 | 97.5 | < 5 and ≥ 2 | Yes | 90 | Non-HIV | |||
| Kara 2019 | Turkey | Cross sectional | 145 (80.1%) | 181 | 37 | 40.4 mean | 79.6 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Both | ||
| Krentz 2016 | Canada | Prospective observational | 1329 | 1329 | 75.8 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Both | ||||
| Lopes 2019 | UK | Cross sectional | 2680 | 2680 | 46 mean | 86 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV | |||
| Lopez-Centeno 2019 | Spain | Cross sectional | 6636451 | 22945 | 48 (PLWH), 41 (control) | 78.28. (PLWH), 48.02 (Controls) | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV | |||
| Mata-Marín 2019 | Mexico | Case control | 8 | 41–48 (63–80%) | 125 | 125 | ≥ 5 | Yes | 0 | Non-HIV | ||
| Mazzitelli 2019 | UK | Prospective observational | UD | 790 | 790 | 55.8 | 92.8 | ≥ 10, ≥ 5 | Yes | 0 | Non-HIV | |
| Morillo-Verdugo 2019 | Spain | Cross sectional | 184 (84.4) | 223 | 223 | 53 | 86.5 | ≥ 6, ≥ 11, ≥ 21 | Yes | Both | ||
| Nozza 2017 | Italy | Cross sectional | 17 | UD (92%) | 1222 | 1222 | 70 | 83.7 | ≥ 5 | Yes | 121 days | Non-HIV |
| Okoli 2020 | 25 countries | Prospective (multicentre) | 2112 | 2112 | 70.4 | ≥ 5 | Yes | – | Both | |||
| Patel 2015 | UK | Cross sectional | 299 | 16 | 58 mean | 94.6 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Both | |||
| Siefried 2017 | Australia | Prospective observational | 522 | 522 | 50.8 | 94.6 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV | |||
| Ssonko 2018 | Uganda | Cross sectional | 411 | 239 | ≥ 4 | Yes | Non-HIV | |||||
| Titon 2021 | USA | Case control | 9.2 | UD | 156 | 52 | 60 | 38.5 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV | |
| Vinuesa-Hernando 2021 | Brazil | Prospective observational | 30 | 30 | 71 | 73 | ≥ 5, ≥ 10 | Yes | Both | |||
| Arant 2021 | Spain | Prospective cohort | 348 | 106 | 77.2 (Cohort 1) and 72.1 (Cohort 2) | ≥ 5 | Yes | Both | ||||
| Ramos 2021 | USA | Prospective observational | 39 | 24 | 54.5 | 87.2 | ≥ 11 | Yes | Both | |||
| Calcagno 2021 | Cross sectional | 2432 | 1158 |
PLWH: 51.6 Controls: 47.7 |
69.8 (PLWH), 68.8 (Control) | ≥ 10 | Yes | Non-HIV | ||||
| Loste 2020 | Italy | Cross sectional | 10 | UD | 91 | 91 | 71.2 | 81.3 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV | |
| Livio 2020 | Spain | Retrospective | 18 | 159 (91%) | 175 | 175 | 78 | 71 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV | |
| Kuznetsov 2021 | UK | Prospective observational | 11.3 | 150 | 150 | 38.3 | 66 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Daily | Both | |
| Allemann 2017 | Canada | Prospective observational | 2 | 2 | 48 | 50 | ≥ 3 | Yes | 4 months | |||
| Ware 2019 | Switzerland | Prospective observational | 12.5 | UD (57.7%) | 3160 | 1715 | 53 | 100 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV | |
| Ware 2016 | USA | Prospective observational | 12 | UD (48.2%) | 3160 | 1715 | 46 | 100 | ≥ 5 | Yes | Non-HIV |
UD undetected HIV viral load