Table 2.

Current screening recommendations for chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes in low- and middle-income countries

When?	Type 1 diabetes mellitus	5 years after diagnosis and annually thereafter [37]
	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	At time of diagnosis and annually thereafter [37]
How?	Spot uACR	Elevated uACR (> 3 mg/mmol) must be confirmed within 3–6 months
	Serum creatinine/cystatin C (eGFR using CKD-EPI equation [38])	Reduced eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73m2) must be confirmed within 3 months

Abbreviations: uACR urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation