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. 2022 Aug 2;24(10):1439–1453. doi: 10.1007/s11886-022-01758-6

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Fig. 2 — Schematic representation of intracardiac-intrathoracic pressure dissociation. In apnea, the pressure gradient between PV and LA/LV leads to ventricular filling. During inspiration in a normal heart, reduction in intrathoracic pressure is equally distributed to extra-pericardial structures (PV) and intrapericardial structures (LA/LV) but the gradient remains. In constrictive pericarditis, the reduction in ITP is not transferred to intrapericardial structures due to thick pericardium leading to reduction of gradient and thus decreased ventricular filling. (Abbreviations: LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; PV, pulmonary vein; ITP, intrathoracic pressure) (Created with BioRender.com)