Table 4.
Reporter gene/reporter probe imaging studies.
| Human reporter gene/imaging modality |
Probe (half-life) | Optimal approximate probe biodistribution time |
Primary probe excretion route |
Probe overlap with normal tissue(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hdCK mutants/PET | 18F-FEAU (109 min) | 1 h | Renal | Intestine, gallbladder, kidneys, bladder |
| 124I-FIAU (4.18 days) | 1 h | Renal | Intestine, gallbladder, thyroid, stomach, kidneys, bladder | |
| hTK2 mutants/PET | 18F-L-FMAU (109 min) | 1 h | Renal | Intestine, gallbladder, kidneys, bladder |
| hNIS/PET and SPECT | 124I-iodide (4.18 days) | 2 h | Renal | Salivary gland, thyroid, stomach, kidneys, bladder |
| [18F]BF4− (109 min) | 1 h | |||
| 123I (13 h), 99mTcO4- (6 h) | 1 h | |||
| hNET/PET and SPECT | 18F-MFBG (109 min) | 4 h | Renal and hepatobiliary | Salivary gland, intestine, kidneys, bladder |
| 123I-MIBg (13 h) | 12 h | |||
| 124I-MIBG (4.18 days) | 24 h | Renal and hepatobiliary | Salivary gland, intestine, thyroid, kidneys, bladder | |
| hERL binding domain/PET | 18F-FES (109 min) | 1 h | Renal and hepatobiliary | Intestine, liver, kidneys, bladder |
| hSSTr2/PET | 68Ga-DOTATOC (68 min) | 1 h | Renal | Kidneys, bladder |
| D2R/PET | 18F-FESP (109 min) | 3 h | Renal and hepatobiliary | Intestine, liver, kidneys, bladder |
| Membrane-anchored anti-PEG antibody/PET | 124I-PEG-SHPP (4.18 days) | 24 h | Renal and hepatobiliary | Liver, thyroid |
| anti-DAbR1 fragment/PET | 86Y-AABD (15 h) | 24 h | Renal and hepatobiliary | Liver, intestine |
| CEA/PET | 124I anti-CEA antibody fragment (4.18 days) | 24 h | Renal | Thyroid, kidneys |
| PSMA/PET | 18F-DCFPyL (109 min), 68Ga-PSMA-11 (68 min) | 15–30 min | Renal | Intestine, liver, kidneys, bladder |
| Ferritin/MRI | Endogenous Fe | Iron accumulation varies | Dense, hypointense tissues | |
| Water channel AQP1/MRI | Endogenous water | |||
| OATP | Gd-EOB-DTPA/111In-EOB-DTPA (2.8 days)/ICG | 30 min to 2 h | Renal and hepatobiliary | Liver, kidneys, gallbladder, bladder, intestine |
anti-PEG, anti-polyethylene glycol; AQP1,aquaporin 1; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; DAbR1, DOTA antibody reporter 1; D2R, dopamine 2 receptor; Fe, iron; 68Ga, gallium-68; hdCK, human deoxycytidine kinase; hERL, human estrogen receptor alpha ligand; hNET; human norepinephrine transporter; hNIS, human NIS; hSSTr2, human somatostatin receptor subtype 2; hTK2, human thymidine kinase 2; OATP, organic anion transporting polypeptide; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen.