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. 2022 Jul 19;16:937923. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.937923

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Copyright © 2022 Whitsitt, Koo, Celik, Evans, Weiland and Purcell.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The spatial pattern of selected differentially expressed genes illustrate the upregulation of inflammation and cell cycle-associated pathways following electrical stimulation delivered by a MWA in comparison to a HDCF. While Gfap is notably increased in both samples, stimulation delivered by the MWA is associated with genes included in a cytotoxic, “Cell-Killing” gene ontology term (C3, Cxcl13). A less prominent, but significant, upregulation of cell cycle-associated genes with the MWA-stimulation condition was an unexpected result revealed by the spatial transcriptomics assay. Average expression of DE genes making up the “Cell Cycle” GO Term is shown. Asterisks denote estimated implant site and arrows denote direction (L: lateral, A: anterior). Scale bars: 1.0 mm.