Indicator	Subdomain	Developmental stage	Data source	Definition by data source and notes	Years available and periodicity
Child indicators
Flourishing	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	For children age 0–5 years, four questions were asked that aimed to capture curiosity and discovery about learning, resilience, attachment with parent, and contentment with life. The survey question asked, “How true are each of the following statements about this child: (1) child is affectionate and tender, (2) child bounces back quickly when things don’t go his/her way, (3) child shows interest and curiosity in learning new things, and (4) child smiles and laughs a lot. The “Definitely true” response to the question indicates the child meets the flourishing item criteria. Notes: Available for 1–2-year-olds. The 2018 item cannot be combined with 2017 due to changes in items between the years. 2018 categories were: always, usually, sometimes, and never; whereas 2017 categories were: definitely true, somewhat true, and not true. Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
Social-Emotional: Bouncing back	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	2018: How often: Does this child bounce back quickly when things do not go his or her way? [Always; Usually; Sometimes; Never] 2016–2017: How well do each of the following phrases describe (fill with CHILD’S NAME)? (fill with CHILD’S NAME) bounces back quickly when things do not go his or her way? [Definitely true; Somewhat true; Not true] Notes: Question is the same from 2016 to 2018; however, the response options are different in 2018. Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
Social-Emotional: Smile/laugh	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	2018: How often: Does this child smile and laugh? [Always; Usually; Sometimes; Never] 2016–2017: How well do each of the following phrases describe (fill with CHILD’S NAME)? (fill with CHILD’S NAME) smiles and laughs a lot. [Definitely true; Somewhat true; Not true] Notes: Question is the same from 2016 to 2018; however, the response options are different in 2018. Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
Social-Emotional: Affectionate/tender	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	2018: How often: Is this child is affectionate and tender with you? [Always; Usually; Sometimes; Never] 2017–2016: How well do each of the following phrases describe (fill with CHILD’S NAME)? (fill with CHILD’S NAME) is affectionate and tender with you. [Definitely true; Somewhat true; Not true] Notes: Question is the same from 2016 to 2018; however, the response options are different in 2018. Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annnual
Social-Emotional: Curiosity	N/a	Infant/toddler	NSCH	2018: Header: How often: Does this child show interest and curiosity in learning new things? [Always; Usually; Sometimes; Never] 2017–2016: Header: How well do each of the following phrases describe (fill with CHILD’S NAME)? (fill with CHILD’S NAME) shows interest and curiosity in learning new things. [Definitely true; Somewhat true; Not true] Notes: Question is the same from 2016 to 2018; however, the response options are different in 2018. Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
Family/caregiver indicatorsa
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): Child exposure	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	Number of ACEs experienced by infants/toddlers. The ACEs included in the NSCH include: economic hardship, parent/guardian separated or divorced, parent/guardian died, parent/guardian incarcerated, witness of abuse, witness or victim of neighborhood violence, living with someone with mental health challenges, living with someone with alcohol/drug abuse, and being treated with bias due to race or ethnicity. Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
ACEs: Economic hardship	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	2018: SINCE THIS CHILD WAS BORN, how often has it been very hard to cover the basics, like food and housing, on your family’s income? [Never; Rarely; Somewhat often; Very often] 2016–17: SINCE THIS CHILD WAS BORN, how often has it been very hard to get by on your family’s income - hard to cover the basics like food or housing? [Never; Rarely; Somewhat often; Very often] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method. The wording of this individual item changed with 2018 and is not comparable across years; however, the overall ACE score can still be compared.	2016–present Annual
ACEs: Parent/guardian separated or divorced	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	To the best of your knowledge, has this child EVER experienced any of the following? Parent or guardian divorced or separated [Yes; No] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
ACEs: Parent/guardian died	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	To the best of your knowledge, has this child EVER experienced any of the following? Parent or guardian died [Yes; No] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
ACEs: Parent/guardian incarcerated	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	To the best of your knowledge, has this child EVER experienced any of the following? Parent or guardian served time in jail [Yes; No] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
ACEs: Witnessed abuse	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	To the best of your knowledge, has this child EVER experienced any of the following? Saw or heard parents or adults slap, hit, kick, punch one another in the home [Yes; No] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
ACEs: Witness or victim or neighborhood violence	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	To the best of your knowledge, has this child EVER experienced any of the following? Was a victim of violence or witnessed violence in his or her neighborhood [Yes; No] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
ACEs: Lived with someone with mental health	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	To the best of your knowledge, has this child EVER experienced any of the following? Lived with anyone who was mentally ill, suicidal, or severely depressed [Yes; No] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
ACEs: Lived with someone with alcohol/drug abuse	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	To the best of your knowledge, has this child EVER experienced any of the following? Lived with anyone who had a problem with alcohol or drugs [Yes; No] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
ACEs: Treated with racial/ethnic bias	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	To the best of your knowledge, has this child EVER experienced any of the following? Treated or judged unfairly because of his or her race or ethnic group [Yes; No] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
Shared family meals	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	During the past week, on how many days did all the family members who live in the household eat a meal together? [0 days; 1–3 days; 4–6 days; Every day] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
Family resilience	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	When your family faces problems, how often are you likely to do each of the following? (a) talk together about what to do, (b) work together to solve our problems, (c) know we have strengths to draw on, and (d) stay hopeful even in difficult times. [Children who live in a family that met 0–1 family resilience items; Children who live in a family that met 2–3 family resilience items; Children who live in a family that met all 4 family resilience items] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method	2016–present Annual
Parental aggravation	N/A	Infant/toddler	NSCH	Whether or not child lived with parents who often feel aggravation from parenting based on the following three items: During the past month, how often have you felt: That this child is much harder to care for than most children his or her age? [Never; Rarely; Sometimes; Usually; Always] That this child does things that really bother you a lot? [Never; Rarely; Sometimes; Usually; Always] Angry with this child? [Never; Rarely; Sometimes; Usually; Always] Notes: Major redesign in 2016, including new sampling method.	2016–present Annual
Father on birth certificate	N/A	Infant	NVSS birth certificate filesb	Parents married or paternal acknowledgement Notes: Prior to 2016, CDC WONDER only has data on mother’s marital status. From 2016 to 2018, paternal acknowledgement is also included. Beginning in 2017, due to state statutory restrictions, California no longer provides record-level data on paternity acknowledgment for births occurring to California residents and non-residents (including residents of other states). For these births, Paternity Acknowledgment is reported as “Not Reported.”	2016–present Annual

^aMany of the family/caregiver indicators are related to multiple domains. To streamline this manuscript, we placed the indicators in the most aligned domain

^bVital statistics data were accessed through CDC Wonder (wonder.cdc.gov). Additional data, including more historical data, may be available through the National Center for Health Statistics’ Vital Statistics Online Data Portal (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/vitalstatsonline.htm)