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. 2022 Jul 15;13:896958. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896958

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Copyright © 2022 Yang, Tang, Zhang and Liu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Major delivery systems for mRNA vaccines. (A) Electroporation for naked mRNA delivery. (B) Polyplexes are formed by spontaneously interacting with negatively charged IVT-mRNA and cationic lipids. (C) Lipoplexs formed by loading mRNA into cationic lipids. (D) Lipopolyplexs are formed by a polymer ‘core’ and a lipid ‘shell’ with IVT-mRNA absorbed on the surface of the nanoparticle.