Table 1. Study Characteristics.

First Author (Publication Year)	Study Purpose	Study Design	Country	Contexts of Vulnerability	Sample Size, n
Berry (1999)38	Describe and explain the meanings, expressions, and experiences of generic and professional care during pregnancy of Mexican American women in their home and prenatal clinic contexts.	Exploratory descriptive	United States	Mexican American pregnant women	16
Blackford (2000)29	Describe how prenatal nurse educators are well prepared to meet the learning needs of mothers with disabilities.	Exploratory descriptive	Canada	Pregnant women with chronic conditions/disabilities and low income	8
Burns (2019)39	Gain a more comprehensive understanding of Mi'kmaq women's experiences accessing prenatal care.	Feminist participatory action research	Canada	Mi'kmaq pregnant women socially isolated in rural context	4
Cricco-Lizza (2006)35	Describe low-income Black non-Hispanic women's perspectives about the promotion of infant feeding methods by nurses and physicians.	Ethnographic	United States	Black non-Hispanic pregnant women with low income	11
De Andrade Costa (2018)30	Identify the perceptions of deaf women regarding nursing care during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum.	Exploratory descriptive	Brazil	Deaf pregnant women	9
Fernandes Demarchi (2017)36	Investigate pregnant women's and primiparous mothers' perceptions of maternity.	Exploratory descriptive	Brazil	Primiparous pregnant women with low income	11
Hubbard (2018)31	Explore the experiences of deaf women receiving perinatal care and suggest implications for nursing practice within the QSEN framework.	Descriptive qualitative	United States	Deaf pregnant women	5
Omar (1995)34	Describe pregnant women's perceptions regarding their expectations of and satisfaction with prenatal care.	Exploratory	United States	At-risk pregnant women with low income	22
Pretorius (2004)28	Explore and describe the perceptions of the pregnant women regarding ANHSU.	Mixed methods	South Africa	Pregnant women in rural context	14
Sanders (2008)32	Explore the meaning of pregnancy after diagnosis with HIV infection.	Phenomenological	United States	Pregnant women with HIV infection	9
Searle (2017)41	Examine structural marginalization within perinatal care relationships that provides insights into the impact of dominant models of care on queer birthing women.	Feminist interpretative phenomenological	Canada	Queer pregnant women in a rural context	13
Teixeira (2013)37	Examine the perceptions of primiparae on the guidance received in prenatal care regarding breastfeeding.	Descriptive qualitative	Brazil	Primiparous pregnant women with low income	10
Whitty-Rogers (2016)33	Explore and gain insight into the experiences of Mi'kmaq women with GDM in 2 First Nations communities and explore how these experiences have been shaped by a variety of SDOH and existing health policies.	Participatory action research	Canada	Mi'kmaq pregnant women with gestational diabetes and low income	9
Yakong (2010)40	Describe rural women's perspectives of their experiences seeking reproductive care from nurses.	Ethnographic	Ghana	Pregnant women in rural context with linguistic barriers	27

Abbreviations: ANHSU, antenatal health service utilization; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SDOH, social determinants of health; QSEN, quality of safety education for nurses; Queer, member of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, pansexual and two spirit (LGBQP2S) communities.41