Table 3.
Full-Text Studies Reporting Independent Associations Between Social Determinants of Health and Outcomes After Sepsis Discharge
| Study | Study Cohort | Outcome Assessment | Social Determinants Evaluated | Risk Association Between Social Determinant and Study Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lopes et al (37) | Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Infectious Disease ICU, 2002–2007; n = 234 | 2-yr mortality | Race | No association reported |
| Davis et al (35) | Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Darwin, NT, 2007–2008; n = 1090 | 28-d mortality | Race | No association reported |
| Lemay et al (46) | Department of Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare databases, 2001–2007; n = 2,727 | 90–365-d mortality | Race, marital status, and income | No association reported |
| > 365-d mortality | ||||
| Davis et al (33) | Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Darwin, 2007–2008; n = 1028 | 5-yr mortality | Race | Increased risk for Indigenous [Aboriginal Australian] race |
| Ortego et al (41) | Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Dec 2007 to Jan 2010; n = 997 | 30-d readmission | Race | No association reported |
| Chang et al (42) | HCUP—California State Inpatient Database, 2009–2011; n = 240,198 | 30-d readmission | Race, income, urbanicity, and payer | Increased risk for Black and Native American race, lower income, and metropolitan residence |
| Jones et al (44) | University of Pennsylvania Health System, 2010–2012; n = 3,620 | 30-d readmission | Race, marital status, and payer | No association reported |
| Goodwin et al (6) | HCUP State Inpatient Databases (CA, FL, and NY), 2011; n = 43,452 | 30-d readmission | Race and payer | Increased risk for Black race, Medicare, and/or Medicaid insurance |
| Donnelly et al (39) | United Healthcare clinical database; n = 345,657 | 30-d readmission | Race, payer, population setting, and census region | Decreased risk for private insurance, self-pay, and “other” with Medicare as reference |
| Sun et al (43) | University of Pennsylvania Health System, 2012; n = 444 | 30-d readmission | Race, marital status, and payer | No association reported |
| Chao et al (36) | Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, 1995–2011; n = 272,879 | 1-yr morality | Income and urbanization | No association reported |
| 2-yr morality | ||||
| 5-yr morality | ||||
| Schnegelsberg et al (32) | Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, 2008–2010; n = 387 | 180-d readmission | Education level, income, and cohabitation status | Increased risk of 30-d mortality for low income |
| 30-d mortality | ||||
| 180-d mortality | ||||
| Abu-Kaf et al (38) | Israeli Sepsis Group database, 2003–2011; n = 409 | 2-yr mortality | Marital status | Increased risk for married marital status |
| Gadre et al (49) | Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Readmission Data, 2013–2014; n = 1,030,335 | 30-d readmission | Payer and income | Decreased risk for private insurance/self-pay, and higher neighborhood SES |
| Shankar-Hari et al (34) | ICNARC Case Mix Programme, 2009–2014; n = 94,748 | Up to 6-yr mortality | Race | Decreased risk for Asian race and “other” race |
| Bowles et al (11) | Medicare beneficiaries national dataset, 2013–2014; n = 165,228 | 30-d readmission | Race | No association reported |
| Courtright et al (9) | Medicare Beneficiaries, 2013–2014; n = 87,581 | 1-yr mortality | Race and Medicaid eligibility | No association reported |
| Gameiro et al (40) | Division of Intensive Medicine of the Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, 2008–2014; n = 256 | 30-d mortality | Race | No association reported |
| 5-yr mortality | ||||
| Shankar-Hari et al (47) | ICNARC Case Mix Programme database & Hospital Episode Statistics database and Office for National Statistics death registrations, 2009–2014; n = 94,748 | 1-yr readmission | Race and neighborhood socioeconomic status | Increased risk for lower neighborhood SES for both readmission and mortality |
| 1-yr mortality | ||||
| Galiatsatos et al (45) | Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 2017; n = 647 | 30-d readmission | Race, payer, and area deprivation index | Increased risk for higher neighborhood disadvantage |
| Lizza et al (26) | Barnes Jewish Hospital, 2010–2017; n = 3390 | 1-yr readmission | Race, insurance, and income | Increased risk for Black race and decreased risk for uninsured |
| Oh et al (48) | National Health Insurance database, South Korea, 2011–2014; n = 45,826 | 5-yr mortality | Population setting and income | Increased risk for residence in metropolitan city other than Seoul, and “other area” in South Korea |
| Farrah et al (25) | National dataset in Canada; n = 196,922 | > 1 yr readmission | Urbanicity, income, and Ontario marginalization index | No associations reported |
| >1 yr mortality |
HCUP = Healthcare Costs and Utilization Project, ICNARC = Intensive Care National Audit & Research Center, SES = socioeconomic status.