Table 1.
Comparisons of the clinical characteristics of patients between transient AKI, persistent AKI, and non-AKI with coronavirus disease 2019.
| Characteristic | Non-AKI group (59, 55.1) | Transient AKI (11, 22.9) | Persistent AKI (37, 77.1) | P value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68 (63–75) | 73 (67–81) | 73 (66–82) | 0.097 |
| Male sex | 37 (62.7) | 6 (54.5) | 26 (70.3) | 0.578 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 1.9 | 23.7 ± 1.8 | 23.7 ± 2.7 | 0.105 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 37 (62.7) | 8 (72.7) | 28 (75.7) | 0.386 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 12 (20.3) | 4 (36.4) | 17 (45.9) | 0.028 |
| COPD | 12 (20.3) | 1 (9.1) | 10 (27.0) | 0.388 |
| Diabetes | 10 (16.9) | 1 (9.1) | 11 (29.7) | 0.193 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 6 (10.2) | 6 (54.5) | 7 (18.9) | 0.006 |
| CKD | 0 | 0 | 5 (13.5) | 0.004 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Cough | 51 (86.4) | 7 (63.6) | 31 (83.8) | 0.234 |
| Fever | 46 (78.0) | 9 (81.8) | 26 (70.3) | 0.615 |
| Dyspnea | 47 (79.7) | 4 (36.4) | 26 (70.3) | 0.019 |
| Muscle ache | 38 (64.4) | 5 (45.5) | 25 (67.6) | 0.413 |
| Fatigue | 34 (57.6) | 6 (54.5) | 21 (56.8) | 0.982 |
| Chest pain | 11 (18.6) | 1 (9.1) | 4 (10.8) | 0.478 |
| Chills | 11 (18.6) | 1 (9.1) | 4 (10.8) | 0.478 |
| Headache | 4 (6.8) | 1 (9.1) | 1 (2.7) | 0.582 |
| Diarrhea | 1 (1.7) | 0 | 3 (8.1) | 0.204 |
| Chest CT findings | ||||
| Multiple mottling and ground glass opacity | 56 (94.9) | 11 (100.0) | 33 (89.2) | 0.267 |
| Pneumonia | 0.549 | |||
| Unilateral pneumonia | 1 (1.7) | 0 | 0 | |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 58 (98.3) | 11 (100.0) | 37 (100.0) | |
| Disease classification | <0.001 | |||
| Severe | 30 (50.8) | 1 (9.1) | 6 (16.2) | |
| Critical | 29 (49.2) | 10 (90.9) | 31 (83.8) | |
| On ICU admission | ||||
| MAP | 97 ± 15 | 94 ± 23 | 95 ± 21 | 0.881 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 31.9 ± 3.8 | 30.5 ± 4.4 | 31.1 ± 4.6 | 0.493 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 6.1 (4.5–8.1) | 7.3 (4.9–9.8) | 10.0 (6.4–14.0) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 189.0 (133.0–229.0) | 225.0 (192.0–378.0) | 293.0 (184.0–427.5) | <0.001 |
| Potassium (μmol/l) | 4.2 (3.8–4.5) | 4.3 (4.1–5.0) | 4.2 (3.9–4.8) | 0.372 |
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 140.0 (137.0–143.0) | 138.0 (139.0–144.0) | 143.0 (137.0–146.0) | 0.095 |
| Chlorine (mmol/l) | 103.0 (100.0–106.0) | 103.0 (101.0–109.0) | 104.0 (102.0–111.0) | 0.097 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) | 2.0 (1.9–2.3) | 2.0 (1.9–2.0) | 0.038 |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.223 |
| Magnesium (mmol/L) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.054 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 114 ± 20 | 111 ± 19 | 122 ± 21 | 0.135 |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 224 (165–276) | 189 (65–351) | 152 (58–182) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 33.2 (8.7–112.4) | 76.0 (11.7–152.6) | 92.6 (25.8–151.9) | 0.091 |
| Blood gas analysis | ||||
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 1.3 (1.1–3.7) | 2.2 (1.5–3.7) | 0.001 |
| PH | 7.42 ± 0.10 | 7.40 ± 0.11 | 7.38 ± 0.13 | 0.230 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 78.9 (56.7–114.0) | 77.3 (61.6–92.0) | 71.0 (56.0–89.0) | 0.631 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 38.7 (33.4–45.2) | 33.6 (32.0–55.2) | 41.0 (35.0–47.0) | 0.622 |
| Oxygenation index (mmHg) | 205.0 (86.0–280.0) | 150.0 (62.0–188.0) | 87.0 (66.0–166.0) | 0.011 |
| Proteinuria | 13 (22.0) | 9 (81.8) | 24 (64.9) | <0.001 |
| Hematuria | 19 (32.2) | 7 (63.6) | 21 (56.8) | 0.023 |
| Kidney function | ||||
| Baseline Scr (μmol/L) | 58 (48–66) | 58 (54–72) | 72.0 (65.0–80.5) | <0.001 |
| Scr on ICU admission (μmol/L) | 56.8 (48.6–68.8) | 78.0 (55.0–95.0) | 84.0 (70.0–124.5) | <0.001 |
| Scr at the time of AKI diagnosis (μmol/L) | 56.8 (48.6–68.8) | 111.4 (95.0–134.2) | 131.7 (113.5–164.6) | <0.001 |
| Peak Scr (μmol/L) | 67.6 (57.6–77.1) | 111.4 (100.0–245.4) | 212.5 (136.5–287.5) | <0.001 |
| Oliguria | 0 | 5 (45.5) | 12 (32.4) | <0.001 |
| AKI stage | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 0 | 6 (54.5) | 11 (29.7) | |
| 2 | 0 | 1 (9.1) | 8 (21.6) | |
| 3 | 0 | 4 (36.4) | 18 (48.6) |
Notes: Values are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range). Abbreviations: AKI: acute kidney injury; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; MAP: mean arterial pressure; 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa. Scr: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; ICU: intensive care unit. aP values represent the comparability across the three groups.