Table 3.
Generalized linear mixed analysis for the comparison of the progression over time of clinical variables between de novo Parkinson’s patients with stable weight, weight loss, or weight gain.
| Outcome | Baseline (n = 406) |
Year 1 (n = 363) |
Year 2 (n = 363) |
Year 3 (n = 359) |
Year 4 (n = 341) |
Year 5 (n = 314) |
Group × Time effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est (SE) | p | |||||||
| MDS- UPDRS I | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 5.4 ± 4.0 | 6.7 ± 4.7 | 7.3 ± 4.8 | 7.8 ± 5.3 | 8.7 ± 5.7 | 8.9 ± 5.8 | ||
| Weight loss | 5.7 ± 3.9 | 7.3 ± 4.7 | 7.8 ± 5.5 | 9.1 ± 5.5 | 9.9 ± 6.7 | 10.0 ± 7.1 | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.013 |
| Weight gain | 5.9 ± 4.4 | 6.3 ± 4.3 | 8.0 ± 5.2 | 8.2 ± 5.7 | 8.9 ± 4.6 | 9.7 ± 5.7 | 0.25 (0.11) | 0.026 |
| MDS- UPDRS II | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 5.5 ± 4.1 | 7.0 ± 4.9 | 7.5 ± 5.2 | 8.1 ± 5.4 | 9.4 ± 6.6 | 9.4 ± 5.8 | ||
| Weight loss | 6.2 ± 4.3 | 8.4 ± 5.2 | 8.9 ± 5.5 | 10.3 ± 6.2 | 10.8 ± 7.2 | 11.5 ± 7.7 | 0.32 (0.09) | <0.001* |
| Weight gain | 6.3 ± 4.1 | 7.2 ± 4.4 | 7.4 ± 4.5 | 8.0 ± 4.6 | 9.4 ± 5.8 | 10.0 ± 5.7 | −0.01 (0.1) | 0.945 |
| MDS- UPDRS III | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 19.4 ± 8.2 | 22.7 ± 9.4 | 25.2 ± 11.5 | 27.6 ± 12.3 | 26.9 ± 11.4 | 30.6 ± 12.4 | ||
| Weight loss | 22.0 ± 9.2 | 27.4 ± 10.7 | 30.1 ± 10.5 | 33.1 ± 11.4 | 34.3 ± 12.4 | 33.7 ± 12.9 | 0.45 (0.2) | 0.854 |
| Weight gain | 22.7 ± 9.5 | 23.7 ± 12.0 | 27.3 ± 12.8 | 25.7 ± 11.2 | 29.5 ± 14.0 | 29.1 ± 11.8 | −0.81 (0.3) | <0.001* |
| MDS- UPDRS IV | ||||||||
| Stable weight | NA | 0.4 ± 1.3 | 0.7 ± 1.7 | 1.0 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 2.5 | 2.1 ± 2.8 | ||
| Weight loss | NA | 0.4 ± 1.3 | 0.9 ± 2.1 | 1.0 ± 2.2 | 1.6 ± 2.9 | 2.0 ± 3.2 | −0.003 (0.02) | 0.962 |
| Weight gain | NA | 0.6 ± 1.6 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 2.4 | 2.4 ± 2.8 | 0.02 (0.09) | 0.696 |
| MDS-UPDRS | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 30.3 ± 12.5 | 36.1 ± 14.5 | 39.4 ± 17.4 | 42.6 ± 18.1 | 46.3 ± 17.9 | 48.0 ± 18.5 | ||
| Weight loss | 33.9 ± 13.1 | 43.6 ± 16.8 | 46.9 ± 16.6 | 52.7 ± 18.8 | 53.8 ± 22.1 | 53.8 ± 21.2 | 1.07 (0.32) | 0.001* |
| Weight gain | 34.3 ± 14.5 | 37.4 ± 16.4 | 42.8 ± 16.6 | 41.5 ± 16.6 | 46.8 ± 20.1 | 50.0 ± 18.9 | −0.40 (0.41) | 0.340 |
| ADL | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 94.0 ± 5.4 | 91.0 ± 7.0 | 89.2 ± 8.3 | 88.4 ± 7.8 | 86.6 ± 10.3 | 86.0 ± 10.4 | ||
| Weight loss | 91.9 ± 6.2 | 89.7 ± 6.3 | 87.4 ± 8.2 | 86.0 ± 8.5 | 83.0 ± 10.3 | 80.5 ± 16.4 | 0.07 (0.18) | <0.001* |
| Weight gain | 93.4 ± 6.2 | 91.2 ± 6.3 | 90.6 ± 6.4 | 89.5 ± 7.5 | 88.2 ± 3.7 | 86.9 ± 8.0 | 0.27 (0.23) | 0.237 |
| MoCA | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 26.9 ± 2.4 | 26.4 ± 2.7 | 26.3 ± 2.9 | 26.6 ± 2.8 | 26.8 ± 3.1 | 27.0 ± 2.9 | ||
| Weight loss | 27.3 ± 2.2 | 26.3 ± 3.0 | 26.2 ± 3.6 | 26.1 ± 3.3 | 25.7 ± 4.1 | 25.4 ± 4.6 | 0.35 (0.05) | <0.001* |
| Weight gain | 27.2 ± 2.2 | 26.1 ± 2.7 | 26.2 ± 3.2 | 26.5 ± 3.1 | 26.5 ± 3.7 | 27.2 ± 2.7 | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.448 |
| GDS | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 2.3 ± 2.8 | 2.3 ± 2.6 | 2.3 ± 2.6 | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 2.5 ± 2.6 | ||
| Weight loss | 2.3 ± 2.3 | 2.7 ± 3.1 | 2.7 ± 2.9 | 3.1 ± 3.1 | 2.8 ± 3.1 | 3.3 ± 3.2 | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.061 |
| Weight gain | 2.8 ± 3.1 | 2.7 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 3.4 | 2.7 ± 2.7 | 2.6 ± 2.8 | 2.7 ± 2.6 | −0.10 (0.06) | 0.116 |
| STAI | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 63.9 ± 18.0 | 64.1 ± 18.5 | 62.9 ± 17.4 | 63.6 ± 17.9 | 64.2 ± 18.1 | 63.7 ± 18.1 | ||
| Weight loss | 64.7 ± 17.3 | 65.7 ± 18.3 | 67.3 ± 20.1 | 66.7 ± 20.7 | 65.7 ± 19.6 | 67.8 ± 22.7 | 0.42 (0.30) | 0.167 |
| Weight gain | 69.7 ± 20.3 | 68.0 ± 19.5 | 68.1 ± 19.0 | 65.3 ± 18.5 | 65.6 ± 19.1 | 63.4 ± 16.5 | −1.10 (0.39) | 0.004* |
| SCOPA | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 8.9 ± 5.7 | 10.5 ± 6.2 | 10.6 ± 6.3 | 11.3 ± 6.6 | 11.8 ± 7.1 | 12.7 ± 8.1 | ||
| Weight loss | 10.2 ± 6.6 | 12.3 ± 6.8 | 12.7 ± 7.0 | 14.2 ± 7.8 | 14.2 ± 8.2 | 15.2 ± 9.0 | 0.20 (0.10) | 0.061 |
| Weight gain | 8.8 ± 5.4 | 9.83 ± 6.0 | 11.2 ± 5.3 | 11.8 ± 6.2 | 12.9 ± 6.0 | 13.6 ± 5.5 | 0.18 (0.13) | 0.168 |
| ESS | ||||||||
| Stable weight | 5.5 ± 3.1 | 6.1 ± 4.1 | 6.7 ± 4.4 | 7.2 ± 4.4 | 7.4 ± 4.5 | 7.6 ± 4.5 | ||
| Weight loss | 6.4 ± 3.8 | 6.5 ± 4.0 | 6.6 ± 4.0 | 7.6 ± 4.7 | 7.6 ± 4.8 | 8.0 ± 4.7 | −0.06 (0.08) | 0.433 |
| Weight gain | 4.8 ± 2.8 | 5.6 ± 3.5 | 6.8 ± 4.0 | 7.0 ± 4.0 | 7.3 ± 4.8 | 7.7 ± 5.2 | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.060 |
NA not applicable, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment. SCOPA-AUT SCOPA-autonomic, UPSIT University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
*Significant p-values after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.