Table 1.
Muscle parameters of the hand musculoskeletal model.
| Finger | No | Muscle | Abb | Max Force [N] | Moment arm [mm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1CMC | 1MP | 1IP | |||||||
| Flex-Ext | Add-Abd | Flex-Ext | Add-Abd | Flex-Ext | |||||
| Thumb | 1 | Flexor pollicis longus | FPL | 2.7 | 14.3 | 0.2 | 13.6 | − 0.1 | 8.7 |
| 2 | Extensor pollicis longus | EPL | 1.3 | − 8.1 | − 9.5 | − 8.5 | − 4.4 | − 4.1 | |
| 3 | Abductor pollicis longus | ABPL | 3.1 | − 7.1 | 10.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 4 | Extensor pollicis brevis | EPB | 0.8 | − 13 | 3.2 | − 8.6 | 3.2 | 0 | |
| 5 | Abductor pollicis brevis | ABPB | 1.1 | − 3.9 | 16.5 | 2.6 | 16.5 | 0 | |
| 6 | Flexor pollicis brevis | FBP | 1.3 | 13.4 | 10.5 | 8.8 | 10.5 | 0 | |
| 7 | Opponens pollicis | OP | 1.9 | 12.9 | 4.8 | 0 | 4.8 | 0 | |
| 8 | Adductor pollicis transverse | APt | 3 | 36.9 | − 20.6 | 9.7 | − 20.6 | 0 | |
| 9 | Adductor pollicis oblique | APo | 3 | 27 | − 17 | 8.2 | − 17 | 0 | |
| Finger | No | Muscle | Abb | Max Force [N] | Moment arm [mm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2MP | 2PIP | 2DIP | |||||||
| Flex-Ext | Add-Abd | Flex-Ext | Flex-Ext | ||||||
| Index | 10 | Flexor digitorum superficialis 2 | FDS2 | 2 | 11.9 | 1.7 | 13.6 | 0 | |
| 11 | Flexor digitorum profundus 2 | FDP2 | 2.7 | 10.2 | 0.4 | − 8.5 | 4 | ||
| 12 | Extensor digitorum communis 2 | EDC2 | 1 | − 9.4 | 0.7 | 0 | − 1.6 | ||
| 13 | Extensor indicis | EI | 1 | − 9.4 | 0.7 | − 8.6 | − 1.6 | ||
| 14 | 1st lumbrical | 1LU | 0.2 | 9.6 | − 9.9 | 2.6 | − 2 | ||
| 15 | 1st palmar interossei | 1PI | 1.3 | 6.4 | 8.8 | 8.8 | − 2 | ||
| 16 | 1st dorsal interossei | 1DI | 3.2 | 4.4 | − 9.6 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Finger | No | Muscle | Abb | Max Force [N] | Moment arm [mm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3MP | 3PIP | 3DIP | |||||||
| Flex-Ext | Add-Abd | Flex-Ext | Flex-Ext | ||||||
| Middle | 17 | Flexor digitorum superficialis 3 | FDS3 | 3.4 | 11.5 | 0.6 | 5.3 | 0 | |
| 18 | Flexor digitorum profundus 3 | FDS3 | 3.4 | 9.2 | 0.2 | 7.1 | 4.2 | ||
| 19 | Extensor digitorum communis 3 | EDC3 | 1.9 | − 9.3 | − 0.9 | − 3.3 | − 1.5 | ||
| 20 | 2nd lumbrical | 2LU | 0.2 | 10.5 | 8.2 | − 2.8 | − 1.9 | ||
| 21 | 2nd dorsal interossei | 2DI | 2.5 | 8 | 9.4 | − 1.1 | − 0.8 | ||
| 22 | 3rd dorsal interossei | 3DI | 2 | 3.4 | − 7.6 | − 2.6 | − 1.8 | ||
| Finger | No | Muscle | Abb | Max Force [N] | Moment arm [mm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4MP | 4PIP | 4DIP | |||||||
| Flex-Ext | Add-Abd | Flex-Ext | Flex-Ext | ||||||
| Ring | 23 | Flexor digitorum superficialis 4 | FDS4 | 2 | 9.9 | − 1.2 | 5 | 0 | |
| 24 | Flexor digitorum profundus 4 | FDP4 | 3 | 8.9 | − 0.8 | 6.2 | 4.1 | ||
| 25 | Extensor digitorum communis 4 | EDC4 | 1.7 | − 8.1 | − 0.5 | − 2.4 | − 1.2 | ||
| 26 | 3rd lumbrical | 3LU | 0.1 | 6.6 | − 7.5 | − 2 | − 1.5 | ||
| 27 | 2nd palmar interossei | 2PI | 1.2 | 3.1 | − 7.6 | − 2 | − 1.5 | ||
| 28 | 4th dorsal interossei | 4DI | 1.7 | 4.7 | 7.1 | − 1.2 | − 0.9 | ||
| Finger | No | Muscle | Abb | Max Force [N] | Moment arm [mm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5MP | 5PIP | 5DIP | |||||||
| Flex-Ext | Add-Abd | Flex-Ext | Flex-Ext | ||||||
| Little | 29 | Flexor digitorum superficialis 5 | FDS5 | 0.9 | 8.6 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 0 | |
| 30 | Flexor digitorum profundus 5 | FDP5 | 2.8 | 8.5 | 4 | 5.9 | 3.2 | ||
| 31 | Extensor digitorum communis 5 | EDC5 | 0.9 | − 4.9 | 0.9 | − 2.6 | − 1.3 | ||
| 32 | Extensor digiti minimi | EDM | 1 | − 4.8 | 0.9 | − 2.6 | − 1.3 | ||
| 33 | Abductor digiti minimi | ABDM | 1.4 | 4.7 | − 8 | − 2 | − 1.5 | ||
| 34 | Flexor digiti minimi brevis | FDMB | 0.4 | 7.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 35 | 4th lumbrical | 4LU | 2 | 6.3 | 7.2 | − 2.2 | − 1.7 | ||
| 36 | 3rd palmar interossei | 3PI | 1 | 2.1 | 7.7 | − 2 | − 1.5 | ||
| 37 | Opponens digiti minimi | ODM | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Abb = abbreviation. CMC = Carpometacarpal joint, MP = Metacarpophalangeal joint, IP = Interphalangeal joint, PIP = Proximal IP joint, DIP = Distal IP joint.