Table 1.
Associations between loneliness group membership and age-18 outcomes
| Developmental course of loneliness | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) or Mean (SD) | Ever versus never lonely | Age 12-limited versus never lonely | Age 18-limited versus never lonely | Recurrent versus never lonely | |
| Mental health | |||||
| OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | ||
| Depression | 398 (20.2%) | 3.50 (2.45, 5.00) | 1.63 (.97, 2.74) | 6.18 (3.73, 10.23) | 7.11 (3.12, 16.24) |
| Anxiety | 145 (7.4%) | 4.04 (2.49, 6.56) | 1.48 (.64, 3.39) | 5.95 (3.24, 10.95) | 10.46 (4.51, 24.25) |
| Conduct disorder | 300 (15.2%) | 2.05 (1.37, 3.08) | 1.42 (.79, 2.55) | 2.98 (1.69, 5.24) | 2.29 (.88, 5.96) |
| ADHD | 152 (7.7%) | 3.03 (1.90, 4.84) | 2.48 (1.31, 4.70) | 2.96 (1.53, 5.71) | 5.62 (2.25, 14.06) |
| Self-harm | 273 (13.9%) | 3.71 (2.51, 5.50) | 2.18 (1.27, 3.76) | 4.79 (2.73, 8.41) | 8.34 (3.76, 18.49) |
| Service use | 255 (13.0%) | 2.32 (1.54, 3.48) | 1.14 (.59, 2.18) | 3.95 (2.31, 6.73) | 3.02 (1.25, 7.30) |
| Lifestyle and health behaviors | |||||
| B (99% CI) | B (99% CI) | B (99% CI) | B (99% CI) | ||
| Poor sleep quality | 5.39 (3.16) | 1.31 (.78, 1.84) | .45 (−.20, 1.10) | 1.87 (1.07, 2.67) | 2.75 (1.43, 4.08) |
| Physical activity | 2.78 (1.06) | −.19 (−.35, −.02) | −.11 (−.35, .13) | −.20 (−.45, .04) | −.40 (−.76, −.06) |
| OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | ||
| Daily smoking | 435 (22.1%) | 1.55 (1.06, 2.27) | 1.35 (.81, 2.22) | 1.63 (.93, 2.87) | 2.16 (.87, 5.40) |
| B (99% CI) | B (99% CI) | B (99% CI) | B (99% CI) | ||
| Life satisfaction | 3.87 (.73) | −.56 (−.70, −.43) | −.27 (−.44, −.10) | −.82 (−1.00, −.65) | −.86 (−1.15, −.57) |
| Problematic technology use | 4.54 (3.91) | 2.05 (1.33, 2.77) | .99 (.15, 1.84) | 2.64 (1.53, 3.75) | 4.09 (2.02, 6.16) |
| Socioeconomic outcomes | |||||
| OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) | ||
| NEET | 216 (11.0%) | 1.81 (1.15, 2.84) | 1.40 (.74, 2.62) | 2.07 (1.09, 3.92) | 2.76 (1.01, 7.54) |
| Low qualifications | 417 (21.2%) | 1.78 (1.22, 2.59) | 2.11 (1.29, 3.47) | 1.06 (.56, 1.98) | 3.52 (1.51, 8.22) |
| Criminal record | 202 (10.3%) | 1.07 (.54, 1.78) | .99 (.49, 2.02) | 1.30 (.63, 2.68) | .68 (.14, 3.32) |
Note. B = unstandardized regression coefficient; CI = confidence interval; N= number; OR = odds ratio; SD= standard deviation. Analyses are restricted to cases with complete data for all variables (N= 1,968). Numbers in bold indicate significant associations at p < .01.