Table 2.
Relative intakes (percentage of total energy intake) for each NOVA food group (dose–response analysis of tertiles) in association with breast cancer risk (Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals)
| Unprocessed/minimally processed foods | Culinary ingredients | Processed foods | Ultra-processed foods | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Overall (cases n 396; controls (n 396) | ||||||||||||||||
| Lowest tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Middle tertile | 1·02 | 0·73, 1·42 | 1·01 | 0·72, 1·43 | 0·90 | 0·65, 1·26 | 0·84 | 0·59, 1·19 | 0·83 | 0·59, 1·17 | 0·79 | 0·54, 1·14 | 1·28 | 0·91, 1·83 | 1·36 | 0·89, 2·10 |
| Highest tertile | 0·50 | 0·34, 0·73 | 0·52 | 0·35, 0·78 | 0·53 | 0·36, 0·75 | 0·55 | 0·38, 1·32 | 0·53 | 0·37, 0·77 | 0·86 | 0·63, 1·15 | 0·47 | 0·31, 0·72 | 1·03 | 0·72, 1·45 |
| P-trend | <0·001 | 0·001 | <0·001 | 0·336 | 0·001 | 0·210 | <0·001 | 0·149 | ||||||||
| Premenopausal (cases n 148; controls n 139)* | ||||||||||||||||
| Lowest tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Middle tertile | 0·72 | 0·42, 1·26 | 0·66 | 0·37, 1·18 | 1·00 | 0·58, 1·72 | 0·94 | 0·54, 1·65 | 0·68 | 0·39, 1·21 | 0·74 | 0·41, 1·32 | 1·14 | 0·64, 2·05 | 1·25 | 0·68, 2·25 |
| Highest tertile | 0·56 | 0·31, 1·03 | 0·51 | 0·27, 0·95 | 0·74 | 0·41, 1·33 | 0·67 | 0·37, 1·24 | 0·43 | 0·23, 0·78 | 0·45 | 0·24, 1·56 | 0·63 | 0·32, 1·22 | 0·62 | 0·32, 1·22 |
| P-trend | 0·062 | 0·035 | 0·311 | 0·212 | 0·192 | 0·445 | 0·171 | 0·168 | ||||||||
| Postmenopausal (cases n 248; controls n 257)* | ||||||||||||||||
| Lowest tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Middle tertile | 1·23 | 0·81, 1·86 | 1·26 | 0·83, 1·92 | 0·77 | 0·51, 1·18 | 0·72 | 0·46, 1·10 | 0·91 | 90·59, 1·38 | 0·90 | 0·59, 1·38 | 1·41 | 0·93, 2·12 | 1·44 | 0·95, 2·12 |
| Highest tertile | 0·50 | 0·32, 0·78 | 0·55 | 0·35, 0·89 | 0·45 | 0·29, 1·10 | 0·46 | 0·29, 1·33 | 0·60 | 0·39, 1·23 | 0·65 | 0·42, 1·03 | 0·48 | 0·30, 0·75 | 0·89 | 0·62, 1·29 |
| P-trend | 0·003 | 0·012 | 0·201 | 0·112 | 0·122 | 0·070 | 0·104 | 0·130 | ||||||||
| ER+ (cases n 298) | ||||||||||||||||
| Lowest tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Middle tertile | 0·86 | 0·32, 2·28 | 0·91 | 0·31, 2·71 | 0·78 | 0·29, 2·09 | 1·03 | 0·34, 3·13 | 2·13 | 0·78, 5·83 | 2·33 | 0·75, 7·26 | 3·69 | 1·31, 10·41 | 5·41 | 1·66, 7·91 |
| Highest tertile | 0·52 | 0·21, 1·30 | 0·53 | 0·19, 1·48 | 0·64 | 0·30, 1·38 | 0·75 | 0·32, 1·73 | 0·71 | 0·32, 1·51 | 0·79 | 0·34, 1·82 | 1·01 | 0·42, 2·45 | 1·31 | 0·48, 3·57 |
| P-trend | 0·165 | 0·226 | 0·260 | 0·505 | 0·369 | 0·581 | 0·974 | 0·586 | ||||||||
| PR+ (cases n 263) | ||||||||||||||||
| Lowest tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Middle tertile | 0·53 | 0·16, 1·71 | 0·52 | 0·14, 1·97 | 1·38 | 0·45, 4·21 | 1·61 | 0·42, 0·62 | 1·27 | 0·42, 3·81 | 2·29 | 0·56, 0·93 | 4·43 | 1·29, 6·39 | 8·95 | 1·93, 41·45 |
| Highest tertile | 0·30 | 0·90, 0·93 | 0·23 | 0·06, 0·86 | 0·71 | 0·31, 1·65 | 0·74 | 0·28, 1·94 | 0·48 | 0·19, 1·19 | 0·51 | 0·17, 1·55 | 0·89 | 0·33, 2·44 | 1·11 | 0·34, 3·58 |
| P-trend | 0·037 | 0·029 | 0·433 | 0·551 | 0·114 | 0·237 | 0·823 | 0·854 | ||||||||
| BMI < 30 kg/m2 (cases = 165; controls n 161) | ||||||||||||||||
| Lowest tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Middle tertile | 1·15 | 0·68, 1·93 | 1·07 | 0·61, 1·87 | 1·31 | 0·77, 2·23 | 1·32 | 0·77, 2·27 | 1·08 | 0·64, 1·82 | 1·04 | 0·60, 1·81 | 1·25 | 0·75, 2·01 | 1·22 | 0·67, 2·25 |
| Highest tertile | 0·50 | 0·28, 0·88 | 0·47 | 0·26, 0·85 | 0·61 | 0·35, 1·05 | 0·58 | 0·33, 1·01 | 1·21 | 0·84, 1·73 | 0·50 | 0·29, 1·23 | 1·18 | 0·82, 1·71 | 1·01 | 0·59, 1·52 |
| P-trend | 0·117 | 0·014 | 0·074 | 0·056 | 0·310 | 0·872 | 0·354 | 0·516 | ||||||||
| Obesity (cases n 231; controls n 235)*,† | ||||||||||||||||
| Lowest tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Middle tertile | 0·93 | 0·61, 1·43 | 0·89 | 0·57, 1·37 | 0·64 | 0·42, 0·98 | 0·61 | 0·39, 0·94 | 0·70 | 0·45, 1·08 | 0·70 | 0·45, 1·09 | 1·35 | 0·88, 2·08 | 1·3 | 0·84, 2·02 |
| Highest tertile | 0·55 | 0·35, 0·89 | 0·57 | 0·35, 0·92 | 0·48 | 0·31, 1·04 | 0·51 | 0·32, 1·21 | 0·56 | 0·36, 1·09 | 0·59 | 0·37, 1·03 | 0·64 | 0·40, 1·05 | 0·67 | 0·41, 1·08 |
| P-trend | 0·014 | 0·021 | 0·071 | 0·203 | 0·116 | 0·115 | 0·077 | 0·103 | ||||||||
ER+, oestrogen receptor positive; PR+, progesterone receptor positive.
Model 1: crude output.
Model 2: adjusted for individual income per month, ethnicity, physical activity, waist circumference (not adjusted for waist circumference when stratified by obesity status) and menopausal status (not adjusted for menopause when stratified by menopausal status).
*
Unconditional logistic regression.
†
Obesity defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.