TABLE 4.
Multivariate Cox regression analyses for prognostic factors after propensity score matching (N = 988)
| Characteristics | OS | DFS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 0.979 (0.700–1.368) | 0.899 | 0.976 (0.723–1.316) | 0.871 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤60 | Ref | Ref | ||
| >60 | 1.354 (1.090–1.681) | 0.006 | 1.160 (0.952–1.413) | 0.141 |
| Tumor location | ||||
| RUL | Ref | Ref | ||
| RML | 1.277 (0.930–1.754) | 0.131 | 1.090 (0.812–1.463) | 0.565 |
| RLL | 1.310 (1.027–1.671) | 0.030 | 1.225 (0.982–1.527) | 0.072 |
| Anatomical type | ||||
| Central | Ref | Ref | ||
| Peripheral | 0.732 (0.541–0.991) | 0.043 | 0.831 (0.624–1.106) | 0.204 |
| Smoking history | ||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | ||
| Current/Former | 1.657 (1.211–2.269) | 0.002 | 1.548 (1.166–2.053) | 0.002 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.860 (0.698–1.061) | 0.159 | 1.024 (0.845–1.242) | 0.806 |
| Surgical resection | ||||
| Lobectomy | Ref | Ref | ||
| Bilobectomy | 1.013 (0.745–1.376) | 0.935 | 1.089 (0.820–1.447) | 0.557 |
| Pneumonectomy | 0.840 (0.501–1.408) | 0.508 | 0.871 (0.532–1.426) | 0.583 |
| Histology | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | Ref | Ref | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 0.697 (0.537–0.904) | 0.007 | 0.625 (0.489–0.799) | <0.001 |
| Others | 0.893 (0.621–1.285) | 0.542 | 0.921 (0.661–1.283) | 0.626 |
| Cell differentiation | ||||
| Well | Ref | Ref | ||
| Moderate | 1.329 (0.761–2.323) | 0.318 | 1.517 (0.903–2.549) | 0.115 |
| Poor | 1.957 (1.128–3.393) | 0.017 | 1.831 (1.094–3.066) | 0.021 |
| NA | 1.495 (0.741–3.016) | 0.261 | 1.473 (0.774–2.802) | 0.238 |
| Adjuvant therapy | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.851 (0.677–1.071) | 0.170 | 0.961 (0.779–1.186) | 0.712 |
| Pathological T category | ||||
| T1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| T2 | 1.397 (1.070–1.825) | 0.014 | 1.352 (1.064–1.717) | 0.014 |
| T3 | 1.997 (1.441–2.767) | <0.001 | 1.835 (1.358–2.480) | <0.001 |
| T4 | 1.927 (1.292–2.873) | 0.001 | 1.806 (1.249–2.611) | 0.002 |
| Pathological N category | ||||
| N0 | Ref | Ref | ||
| N1 | 1.268 (0.883–1.820) | 0.198 | 1.551 (1.133–2.124) | 0.006 |
| N2 | 2.474 (1.932–3.168) | <0.001 | 2.430 (1.933–3.054) | <0.001 |
| Postoperative complications | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.202 (0.827–1.747) | 0.335 | 1.112 (0.779–1.585) | 0.559 |
| No. of resected N1 LNs | 1.005 (0.982–1.028) | 0.670 | 1.007 (0.986–1.028) | 0.541 |
| No. of resected N2 LNs | 0.989 (0.976–1.002) | 0.099 | 0.988 (0.976–1.000) | 0.052 |
| 3A dissection | ||||
| 3A LND− | Ref | Ref | ||
| 3A LND+ | 1.100 (0.896–1.352) | 0.361 | 1.076 (0.892–1.297) | 0.447 |
Abbreviations: OS, overall survival; DFS, disease‐free survival; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference; RUL, right upper lobe; RML, right middle lobe; RLL, right lower lobe; NA, not available; LND, lymph node dissection.