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. 2022 Apr 4;75(4):295–306. doi: 10.4097/kja.22138

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Copyright © The Korean Society of Anesthesiologists, 2022

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 4. — Costotransverse foramen (CTF) at the mid-thoracic region. (A) The erector spinae muscles have been removed, and the dorsal rami of the spinal nerve (DR) emerge from the medial slit of the superior costotransverse ligament (SCTL), corresponding to the CTF (blue-dotted line) beneath the vertebral lamina (L). (B) In the intrathoracic view, the CTFs can be clearly visualized after the pleura and vessels have been removed. The ventral rami of the spinal nerve (intercostal nerve [ICN]) pass through the CTFs (blue-dotted line). TP: transverse process, ITL: intertransverse ligament, R: rib, RC: rami communicants, SC: sympathetic chain.