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. 2022 Apr 4;75(4):295–306. doi: 10.4097/kja.22138

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Copyright © The Korean Society of Anesthesiologists, 2022

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 5. — Dye spreading pattern following an intertransverse process (ITP) block. (A) A cross-sectional cut of a non-embalmed cadaver after a dye solution has been injected into the tissue complex posterior to the superior costotransverse ligament (SCTL), the retro-SCTL space, for an ITP block at the T4–T5 level [75]. (B) Anatomical structure annotations corresponding to Fig. 5A. The arrow indicates the costotransverse foramen (CTF; medial slit of the SCTL), and arrowheads indicate the SCTL. The dye was found to spread multidirectionally from the injection site (retro-SCTL space), into the paravertebral space through the CTF, intercostal space, and erector spinae (ES) compartment. The dye fully surrounded the dorsal rami (DR) and ventral rami (VR) of the spinal nerve and sympathetic ganglion (SG). DRG: dorsal root ganglion, IIM: intercostal membrane, ICM: intercostal muscles.