Table 3.

Extremely low-frequency (less than 3 kHz) magnetic field effects on memory, stress, pain, dopamine, serotonin, melatonine, genetics and calcium flux.

system	magnetic field and frequency	references
memory
rat—acquisition and maintenance of memory	2 mT, 50 Hz	Liu et al. [232]
rat—memory and corticosterone level	0.2 mT, 50 Hz	Mostafa et al. [233]
spatial recognition memory in mice	0.6/0.9/1.1/2 mT, 25/50 Hz	Fu et al. [234]
spatial memory disorder/hippocampal damage in Alzheimer’s disease rat model	400 μT, 50 Hz	Liu et al. [235]
recognition memory task/hippocampal spine density in mice	1 mT, 50 Hz	Zhao et al. [236]
human hippocampal slices—semantic memory	1 μT, 5 min on/5 min off	Richards et al. [237]
stress
behaviour/anxiety in rats	520 μT, 50 Hz	Balassa et al. [238]
benzodiazepine system in hyperalgesia in rats	0.5/1/2 mT, 60 Hz	Jeong et al. [239]
anxiogenic effect in adult rats	2 mT, 50 Hz	Liu et al. [240]
anxiety level and spatial memory of adult rats	2 mT, 50 Hz	He et al. [241]
stress-related behaviour of rats	10 mT, 50 Hz	Korpinar et al. [242]
depression and corticosterone secretion in mice	1.5/3 mT, 60 Hz	Kitaoka et al. [243]
anxiety, memory and electrophysiological properties of male rats	4 mT, <60 Hz	Rostami et al. [244]
induction of anxiety via NMDA activation in mice	1 mT, 50 Hz	Salunke et al. [245]
pain
mice—pain thresholds	2 mT, 60 Hz	Jeong et al. [246]
snail—analgesia	141−414 μT, 30 & 60 Hz	Prato et al. [247]
human—analgesia/EEG	200 μT, <500 Hz	Cook et al. [248]
attenuate chronic neuropathic pain in rats	1 mT, 1/10/20/40 Hz	Mert et al. [249]
mice—inhibition of morphine-induced analgesia	0.15-9 mT, 0.5 Hz	Kavaliers & Osscnkopp [250]
dopamine/serotonin/melatonin
rat frontal cortex—dopamine and serotonin level	1.8–3.8 mT, 10 Hz	Siero et al. [251]
rat brain—serotonin and dopamine receptors activity	0.5 mT, 50 Hz	Janac et al. [252]
rat—central dopamine receptor	1.8–3.8 mT, 10 Hz	Siero et al. [253]
rat—plasma and pineal melatonin levels	1/5/50/250 μT, 50 Hz	Kato et al. [254]
human—melatonin concentration	2.9 mT, 40 Hz	Karasek et al. [255]
genetic
rat brain cells—increases DNA strand breaks	0.5 mT, 60 Hz	Lai & Singh [256,257]
human HL-60 cells-steady—state levels of some mRNAs	8 μT, 60 Hz	Karabakhtsian et al. [258]
hamster ovary K1cells—promotion in X-ray-induced mutations	>5 mT, 50 Hz	Miyakoshi et al. [230]
HL-60 cells—CREB DNA binding activation	0.1 mT, 50 Hz	Zhou et al. [259]
plasmids in E. coli—increase in the number of mutations	5 mT, 60 Hz	Komaya et al. [231]
genetic analysis of circadian responses in Drosophila	300 μT, 3–50 Hz	Fedele et al. [225]
epigenetic modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice	1 mT, 50 Hz	Leone et al. [260]
circadian gene expression in human fibroblast cell	0.1 mT, 50 Hz	Manzella et al. [226]
epigenetic modulation in human neuroblastoma cells	1 mT, 50 Hz	Consales et al. [261]
calcium
lymphocyte—calcium signal transduction	42.1 μT, 16 Hz	Yost & Liburdy [262]
T cell—intracellular calcium oscillations	0.1 mT, 50 Hz	Lindströum et al. [263]
rat pituitary cells—Ca2+ influx	50 μT, 50 Hz	Barbier et al. [264]
Ca2+ channel protein in the cell membrane	13/114 μT, 7/72 Hz	Baurus Koch et al. [229]
human skin fibroblast populations—intracellular calcium oscillations	8 mT, 20 Hz	Löschinger et al. [265]
osteoblasts cells—intracellular calcium levels	0.8 mT, 50 Hz	Zhang et al. [266]
C2C12 muscle cells—calcium handling and increasing H2O2	1 mT, 50 Hz	Morabito et al. [267]
rat ventricle cells—intracellular Ca2+	0.2 mT, 50 Hz	Sert et al. [268]
mesenchymal stem cells—Ca2+ intake	1 mT, 50 Hz	Özgün & Garipcan [269]
brain tissue—radiation-induced efflux of Ca2+ ions	μT, 15/45 Hz	Blackman et al. [270]
rat hippocampus—Ca2+ signalling and NMDA receptor functions	50/100 μT, <300 Hz	Manikonda et al. [271]
entorhinal cortex neurons—calcium dynamics	1/3 mT, 50 Hz	Luo et al. [272]