Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Inpatients and ER patients aged >18 years	Arterial hypotension requiring inotropes or vasopressors (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg and mean arterial pressure < 70 mmHg)
	Anuria or bilateral urinary outlet obstruction
	Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (HbA1C > 9%) or glucose of >500 mg/dL at baseline or uncontrolled diabetic ketoacidosis or uncontrolled hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome
	Decompensated LC: known LC with ascites or diuretics use or hepatic encephalopathy or varix
Severe hypernatremia: glucose-corrected serum sodiuma ≥ 155 mmol/L	End-stage renal disease and receiving renal replacement therapy
	Patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding
	If the following features occur within 30 days prior to randomization
	History of cardiac surgery excluding PCA, acute myocardial infarction, sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, acute coronary syndrome, and admission for heart failure
	Uncontrolled increase of intracranial pressure
Written consent	Subjects judged by investigators to have difficulty continuing the trial will also be excluded

ER, emergency room; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LC, liver cirrhosis; PCA, percutaneous coronary angioplasty.

^aGlucose-corrected serum (Na⁺) = measured (Na⁺) + 2.4 × (glucose [mg/dL] – 100 [mg/dL])/100 mg/dL