Table. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Gout Included in the Nested Case-Control Study.
| No. (%)a | ||
|---|---|---|
| Individuals with gout and cardiovascular events | Matched controls with gout and without cardiovascular events | |
| No. | 10 475 | 52 099 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 76.9 (11.4) | 76.3 (10.8) |
| Sex | ||
| Women | 3213 (30.7) | 15 979 (30.7) |
| Men | 7262 (69.3) | 36 120 (69.3) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)b | 28.2 (5.1) [8893] | 28.2 (4.9) [44 297] |
| English Index of Multiple Deprivation, mean (SD)c | 3.2 (1.4) [9950] | 3.1 (1.4) [49 290] |
| Smoking status | [9798] | [49 332] |
| Current | 1231 (12.6) | 4397 (8.9) |
| Past | 3904 (39.8) | 19 537 (39.6) |
| None | 4663 (47.6) | 25 398 (51.5) |
| Alcohol intake | [9474] | [47 891] |
| Current | 7483 (79.0) | 39 137 (81.7) |
| Past | 221 (2.3) | 969 (2.0) |
| None | 1770 (18.7) | 7785 (16.3) |
| Time since since gout diagnosis, mean (SD), y | 5.3 (4.5) | 5.3 (4.5) |
| Gout flare prior to cardiovascular event or marched index date, d | ||
| 0-60 | 204 (2.0) | 743 (1.4) |
| 61-120 | 170 (1.6) | 628 (1.2) |
| 121-180 | 148 (1.4) | 662 (1.3) |
| >180 | 4211 (40.2) | 21 353 (41.0) |
| No gout flare | 5742 (54.8) | 28 713 (55.1) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)d | 3.23 (2.28) | 2.52 (2.18) |
| History of cardiovascular diseasese | 5448 (52.0) | 10 765 (20.7) |
| Very high to high cardiovascular riskf | 10 321 (98.5) | 34 856 (66.9) |
| Diabetes without target organ damageg | 1537 (14.7) | 6689 (12.8) |
| Diabetes with target organ damageg | 1050 (10.0) | 3944 (7.6) |
| Stage ≥ 3 chronic kidney diseaseh | 3695 (35.3) | 18 353 (35.2) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 1980 (18.9) | 5777 (11.1) |
| Hypertension | 7250 (69.2) | 35 405 (70.0) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2540 (24.3) | 10 069 (19.3) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 2428 (23.2) | 11 418 (21.9) |
| Medications prescribed | ||
| Statins | ||
| Currenti | 3430 (32.7) | 10 897 (20.9) |
| Pastj | 4266 (40.7) | 20 273 (38.9) |
| Never | 2779 (26.5) | 20 928 (40.2) |
| Antiplatelet drugs | ||
| Currenti | 3563 (34.0) | 9633 (18.5) |
| Pastj | 5372 (51.3) | 21 842 (41.9) |
| Never | 1540 (14.7) | 20 624 (39.6) |
| Urate-lowering therapy | ||
| Currenti | 1658 (15.8) | 9804 (18.8) |
| Pastj | 3358 (32.1) | 15 297 (29.4) |
| Never | 5459 (52.1) | 26 997 (51.8) |
| Latest urate-lowering drug prescribed | [5016] | [25 101] |
| Allopurinol | 4937 (98.4) | 24 732 (98.5) |
| Febuxostat | 45 (0.9) | 226 (0.9) |
| Uricosurics (probenecid, benzbromarone, sulfinpyrazone) | 34 (0.7) | 143 (0.6) |
| Diuretics | ||
| Currenti | 1959 (18.7) | 8306 (15.9) |
| Pastj | 6526 (62.3) | 29 200 (56.1) |
| Never | 1990 (19.0) | 14 593 (28.0) |
| Other antihypertensive drugsk | ||
| Currenti | 2748 (26.2) | 11 260 (21.6) |
| Pastj | 922 (8.8) | 9625 (18.5) |
| Never | 6805 (65.0) | 31 213 (59.9) |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | ||
| Currenti | 804 (7.7) | 5565 (10.7) |
| Pastj | 7418 (70.8) | 36 726 (70.5) |
| Never | 2253 (21.5) | 9808 (18.8) |
| Corticosteroids | ||
| Currenti | 1389 (13.3) | 9084 (17.4) |
| Pastj | 3639 (34.7) | 15 691 (30.1) |
| Never | 5447 (52.0) | 27 324 (52.5) |
| Colchicine | ||
| Currenti | 1032 (9.9) | 7155 (13.7) |
| Pastj | 2773 (26.5) | 12 044 (23.1) |
| Never | 6670 (63.7) | 32 900 (63.2) |
| No. of primary care consultations in the previous year, median (IQR) | 17 (10-29) | 14 (8-23) |
| No. of hospitalizations in the previous year, median (IQR) | 1 (0-2) | 0 (0-1) |
| Time in clinical practice research datalink, mean (SD), y | 12.0 (5.9) | 12.4 (6.0) |
Values shown in brackets indicate the number of individuals with available data.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
The English Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015 is a measure of socioeconomic deprivation. It ranks small areas called lower-layer super output areas from 1 (most deprived) to 32 844 (least deprived) in quintiles (first [most deprived] to fifth [least deprived]). Data were provided by Clinical Practice Research Datalink.
The Charlson Comorbidity Index predicts mortality by weighting specific comorbidities (range, 0-29 [higher score indicates increased risk of mortality]). In the current study it was derived from general practice records provided by the Clinical Practice Research Datalink as per Khan et al.23
Cardiovascular disease was defined as either acute coronary syndrome, ischemic heart diseases, transient ischemic attack, or stroke.
For further information, please see eMethod 4 in the Supplement.
Target organ damage with diabetes was defined as primary care record of microalbuminuria, retinopathy, or neuropathy according to Moons et al.26
Chronic kidney disease stage 3 or greater is defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than or equal to 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or dialysis.
Indicates most recent prescription within 60 days prior to cardiovascular event date or index date in matched controls.
Indicates most recent prescription more than 60 days prior to the cardiovascular event date or index date in matched controls.
Includes angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, or calcium channel blockers.