Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to quintiles of daily intake of total dietary protein sources among 108,681 postmenopausal women in the WHI
| Total | Quintiles of energy-adjusted total protein | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| N | 108,681 | 21,737 | 21,736 | 21,736 | 21,736 | 21,736 |
| Follow-up duration (person-years) | 1,654,022 | 321,986 | 328,762 | 334,337 | 336,959 | 331,979 |
| Incident diabetes | 15,842 (14.6) | 3,039 (14.0) | 2,985 (13.7) | 3,108 (14.3) | 3,193 (14.7) | 3,517 (16.2) |
| Age at baseline (years) | 63 ± 7 | 63 ± 7 | 63 ± 7 | 64 ± 7 | 63 ± 7 | 63 ± 7 |
| Self-identified ethnicity or race | ||||||
| White | 92,209 (84.8) | 17,248 (79.3) | 18,045 (83.0) | 18,605 (85.6) | 19,097 (87.9) | 19,214 (88.4) |
| Black | 8,018 (7.4) | 2,595 (11.9) | 1,789 (8.2) | 1,442 (6.6) | 1,123 (5.2) | 1,069 (4.9) |
| Hispanic | 3,768 (3.5) | 876 (4.0) | 805 (3.7) | 720 (3.3) | 667 (3.1) | 700 (3.2) |
| Asian | 2,818 (2.6) | 597 (2.7) | 721 (3.3) | 591 (2.7) | 494 (2.3) | 415 (1.9) |
| Region of residence at baseline | ||||||
| Northeast | 25,126 (23.1) | 5,212 (24.0) | 4,944 (22.7) | 4,951 (22.8) | 5,196 (23.9) | 4,823 (22.2) |
| South | 27,803 (25.6) | 6,088 (28.0) | 5,700 (26.2) | 5,501 (25.3) | 5,208 (24.0) | 5,306 (24.4) |
| Midwest | 23,823 (21.9) | 4,197 (19.3) | 4,345 (20.0) | 4,647 (21.4) | 5,015 (23.1) | 5,619 (25.9) |
| West | 31,929 (29.4) | 6,240 (28.7) | 6,747 (31.0) | 6,637 (30.5) | 6,317 (29.1) | 5,988 (27.5) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||
| <High school | 4,878 (4.5) | 1,343 (6.2) | 1,071 (4.9) | 954 (4.4) | 763 (3.5) | 747 (3.4) |
| High school | 28,030 (25.8) | 6,212 (28.6) | 5,930 (27.3) | 5,571 (25.6) | 5,401 (24.8) | 4,916 (22.6) |
| College | 42,650 (39.2) | 8,236 (37.9) | 8,479 (39) | 8,555 (39.4) | 8,751 (40.3) | 8,629 (39.7) |
| Postgraduate | 33,123 (30.5) | 5,946 (27.4) | 6,256 (28.8) | 6,656 (30.6) | 6,821 (31.4) | 7,444 (34.2) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 5.7 | 27.3 ± 5.8 | 26.8 ± 5.5 | 27.1 ± 5.5 | 27.4 ± 5.7 | 28.1 ± 5.9 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.9 ± 13.3 | 85.1 ± 13.5 | 83.8 ± 12.9 | 84.2 ± 12.8 | 84.9 ± 13.2 | 86.5 ± 13.7 |
| Recreational physical activity (MET h/week) | 13.4 ± 13.9 | 11.8 ± 13.7 | 13.0 ± 13.7 | 13.4 ± 13.7 | 13.9 ± 14 | 14.5 ± 14.2 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 5.63 ± 11.0 | 8.3 ± 16.6 | 5.8 ± 10.2 | 5.1 ± 8.9 | 4.7 ± 8.3 | 4.3 ± 7.9 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 55,871 (51.4) | 10,798 (49.7) | 11,311 (52.0) | 11,297 (52.0) | 11,269 (51.8) | 11,196 (51.5) |
| Past | 45,870 (42.2) | 9,048 (41.6) | 8,982 (41.3) | 9,144 (42.1) | 9,256 (42.6) | 9,440 (43.4) |
| Current | 6,940 (6.4) | 1,891 (8.7) | 1,443 (6.6) | 1,295 (6.0) | 1,211 (5.6) | 1,100 (5.1) |
| Income (USD) | ||||||
| <20,000 | 15,167 (14.0) | 3,844 (17.7) | 3,289 (15.1) | 2,902 (13.4) | 2,620 (12.1) | 2,512 (11.6) |
| 20,000–49,999 | 52,139 (48.0) | 10,728 (49.4) | 10,517 (48.4) | 10,434 (48.0) | 10,319 (47.5) | 10,141 (46.7) |
| 50,000–99,999 | 30,433 (28.0) | 5,406 (24.9) | 5,835 (26.8) | 6,209 (28.6) | 6,435 (29.6) | 6,548 (30.1) |
| >100,000 | 10,942 (10.1) | 1,759 (8.1) | 2,095 (9.6) | 2,191 (10.1) | 2,362 (10.9) | 2,535 (11.7) |
| Family history of diabetes | 32,612 (30.0) | 6,397 (29.4) | 6,334 (29.1) | 6,489 (29.9) | 6,505 (29.9) | 6,887 (31.7) |
| Hormone replacement therapy | ||||||
| Never | 35,252 (32.4) | 7,556 (34.8) | 7,109 (32.7) | 6,827 (31.4) | 6,848 (31.5) | 6,912 (31.8) |
| Past | 23,027 (21.2) | 4,790 (22.0) | 4,541 (20.9) | 4,651 (21.4) | 4,476 (20.6) | 4,569 (21.0) |
| Current | 50,402 (46.4) | 9,391 (43.2) | 10,086 (46.4) | 10,258 (47.2) | 10,412 (47.9) | 10,255 (47.2) |
| Antihypertension medication | ||||||
| Never treated | 75,334 (69.3) | 14,877 (68.4) | 15,252 (70.2) | 15,167 (69.8) | 15,131 (69.6) | 14,907 (68.6) |
| Previously treated | 8,270 (7.6) | 1,779 (8.2) | 1,640 (7.5) | 1,556 (7.2) | 1,537 (7.1) | 1,758 (8.1) |
| Currently treated | 25,077 (23.1) | 5,081 (23.4) | 4,844 (22.3) | 5,013 (23.1) | 5,068 (23.3) | 5,071 (23.3) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,610 ± 619 | 1,803 ± 706 | 1,453 ± 562 | 1,455 ± 542 | 1,531 ± 538 | 1,796 ± 626 |
| Total carbohydrate (g/day) | 203 ± 78.6 | 230.7 ± 89.5 | 188.0 ± 72.0 | 186.7 ± 70.2 | 193.5 ± 70 | 218.6 ± 79.3 |
| Total fat (g/day) | 57.5 ± 31.2 | 69.8 ± 37.6 | 52.6 ± 27.8 | 51.2 ± 26.6 | 52.8 ± 26.7 | 61.0 ± 31.7 |
| Saturated fat (g/day) | 19.3 ± 11.3 | 23.2 ± 13.7 | 17.5 ± 10.1 | 17.1 ± 9.6 | 17.7 ± 9.7 | 20.8 ± 11.6 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g/day) | 21.8 ± 12.1 | 26.6 ± 14.5 | 19.9 ± 10.8 | 19.4 ± 10.3 | 19.9 ± 10.5 | 23.0 ± 12.4 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g/day) | 11.9 ± 6.7 | 14.9 ± 8.5 | 11.1 ± 6.0 | 10.6 ± 5.6 | 10.8 ± 5.6 | 12.1 ± 6.2 |
| Total protein (g/day) | 67.1 ± 27.8 | 49.9 ± 8.0 | 60.8 ± 1.8 | 66.5 ± 1.6 | 72.7 ± 2.1 | 85.7 ± 9.2 |
| Animal protein (g/day) | 46.7 ± 22.7 | 36.0 ± 19.1 | 35.7 ± 16.8 | 41.4 ± 16.2 | 49.7 ± 16.2 | 70.8 ± 23.7 |
| Plant protein (g/day) | 20.3 ± 8.7 | 21.5 ± 9.4 | 18.8 ± 8.2 | 19.0 ± 8.0 | 19.8 ± 8.1 | 22.3 ± 9.1 |
| Dietary protein sources (g/day) | ||||||
| Red meat | 41.1 ± 36.5 | 31.5 ± 27.8 | 31.4 ± 26.1 | 36.1 ± 28.1 | 43.5 ± 32.9 | 63.1 ± 51.4 |
| Processed meat | 11.2 ± 14.0 | 10.7 ± 14.3 | 9.3 ± 12 | 10.1 ± 12.3 | 11.3 ± 13.2 | 14.8 ± 17 |
| Eggs | 15.5 ± 18.4 | 15.9 ± 17.3 | 13.7 ± 15.3 | 14.1 ± 15.4 | 15.2 ± 17.5 | 18.8 ± 24.3 |
| Poultry | 25.6 ± 22.0 | 16.5 ± 15.9 | 18 ± 15.7 | 22.5 ± 16.8 | 29 ± 19.6 | 42.1 ± 28.7 |
| High–n-3 seafood | 9.4 ± 11.8 | 5.63 ± 7.35 | 6.76 ± 7.84 | 8.46 ± 9.08 | 10.81 ± 11.34 | 15.53 ± 17.7 |
| Low–n-3 seafood | 7.9 ± 8.8 | 6.71 ± 7.55 | 6.56 ± 6.88 | 7.26 ± 7.14 | 8.21 ± 8.25 | 10.99 ± 12.19 |
| Cheese | 111.0 ± 104 | 95.4 ± 91 | 89.8 ± 83 | 98.8 ± 85.1 | 114.4 ± 97.3 | 155.8 ± 140.7 |
| Milk | 235.9 ± 233.9 | 171.7 ± 161.7 | 172.9 ± 158.1 | 205.4 ± 178.8 | 252.3 ± 214.4 | 377 ± 339.7 |
| Yogurt | 41.0 ± 68.7 | 27.3 ± 55.4 | 32.9 ± 59.6 | 39.2 ± 63.9 | 44.6 ± 67.5 | 60.8 ± 87.5 |
| Whole grains | 34.4 ± 28.2 | 33.08 ± 29.9 | 31.32 ± 26.41 | 32.72 ± 26.38 | 35.07 ± 27.08 | 39.95 ± 30.12 |
| Legumes | 20.3 ± 26.4 | 18.4 ± 25.3 | 18.4 ± 23.9 | 19.2 ± 24.4 | 20.7 ± 26.4 | 24.7 ± 30.7 |
| Nuts | 10.1 ± 16.0 | 12.2 ± 19.1 | 9.6 ± 14.9 | 9.1 ± 14.8 | 9.2 ± 14.6 | 10.2 ± 15.9 |
| Modified AHEI-2010 score | 35.5 ± 8.0 | 33.3 ± 8.3 | 35.8 ± 8 | 36.3 ± 7.7 | 36.4 ± 7.7 | 35.8 ± 7.7 |
Data for continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD. Data for categorical variables are presented as n (%).