Table 3.
Multivariable models for MRI outcomes among EDIC participants (n = 416)
| TBV (cm3), model R2 = 0.91 | GMV (cm3), model R2 = 0.76 | Ventricle volume (cm3), model R2 = 0.28 | WMH asinh volume (cm3), model R2 = 0.16 | Total white matter mean FA, model R2 = 0.11 | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | t | P | β | SE | t | P | β | SE | t | P | β | SE | t | P | β | SE | t | P | |
| Age (per 1 year) | −3.37 | 0.28 | −12.14 | <0.0001 | −2.96 | 0.27 | −11.01 | <0.0001 | 0.93 | 0.12 | 7.56 | <0.0001 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 6.12 | <0.0001 | −0.001 | 0.000 | −3.71 | 0.0002 |
| Sex (men vs. women) | 13.45 | 4.81 | 2.80 | 0.0054 | ||||||||||||||||
| Education (per 1 year) | 1.42 | 0.42 | 3.35 | 0.0009 | ||||||||||||||||
| HbA1c (per 1%)* | −5.64 | 2.14 | −2.63 | 0.0088 | ||||||||||||||||
| BMI (per 1 kg/m2)* | 1.65 | 0.51 | 3.24 | 0.0013 | 1.48 | 0.49 | 3.03 | 0.0026 | ||||||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (per 5 mmHg)* | 1.42 | 0.50 | 2.83 | 0.0049 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.17 | 0.0306 | ||||||||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (per 5 mmHg)* | −5.68 | 1.90 | −2.99 | 0.0029 | −7.87 | 1.92 | −4.10 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||
| Pulse rate (per 1 bpm)* | 0.73 | 0.28 | 2.59 | 0.0101 | ||||||||||||||||
| Sustained AER ≥30 mg/24 h (yes vs. no)† | −0.006 | 0.003 | −2.06 | 0.0399 | ||||||||||||||||
| PDR (yes vs. no)† | 4.43 | 1.81 | 2.45 | 0.0146 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 2.20 | 0.0283 | ||||||||||||
| Peripheral neuropathy (yes vs. no)† | 10.95 | 3.90 | 2.80 | 0.0053 | ||||||||||||||||
Data are β-coefficients, SEs, t values, and P values from five separate multivariable regression models evaluating the association of all of the risk factors entered into the model together with each MRI outcome (dependent) and with further adjustment for ICV, age, and scanner. Covariates that did not enter into any of the five models were not included in the table. β estimates are equal to the difference in means between groups or the slope of the association (e.g., increase or decrease in MRI outcome for every unit change in the covariate). The signed t value corresponds to the magnitude and directionality of the association. WMH was assessed in N = 381 EDIC participants; an inverse hyperbolic sine transformation was used to normalize the distribution (asinh). Total white matter mean FA was assessed in N = 363 participants and was not adjusted for ICV. AER, albumin excretion rate; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Risk factors were characterized as the time-weighted mean values of all follow-up values since DCCT baseline up to the MRI study visit.
Any report between DCCT baseline and the MRI study visit.