Table 1.
Clinical and metabolic characteristics of participants in the cross-sectional cohort (n = 1,190) stratified by latent glucose profile classes
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 416 (34.96) | 311 (26.13) | 330 (27.73) | 133 (11.18) |
| Age, years | 13.27 (7.62, 18.60) | 12.58 (7.51, 18.57) | 13.56 (7.69, 18.78) | 13.59 (8.68, 18.18) |
| Difference | Reference | −0.69 (−1.19, –0.21) | 0.29 (−0.21, 0.93) | 0.32 (−0.27, 0.85) |
| P | Reference | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.16 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 251 (60.34) | 182 (58.52) | 178 (53.94) | 97 (72.93) |
| Male | 165 (39.66) | 129 (41.48) | 152 (46.06) | 36 (27.07) |
| Difference in female | Reference | −69 (−1.82) | −73 (−6.4) | −154 (12.6) |
| P | Reference | 0.68 | 0.09 | 0.01 |
| Tanner stage | ||||
| 1 | 35 (8.41) | 27 (8.68) | 25 (7.58) | 6 (4.51) |
| 2–3 | 52 (12.5) | 32 (10.29) | 53 (16.06) | 17 (12.78) |
| 4–5 | 92 (22.12) | 54 (17.36) | 62 (18.79) | 38 (28.57) |
| Missing* | 237 (56.97) | 198 (63.67) | 190 (57.58) | 72 (54.14) |
| Difference in 4–5 | Reference | −38 (−4.75) | −30 (−3.33) | −54 (6.46) |
| P | Reference | 0.67 | 0.25 | 0.17 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 142 (34.13) | 99 (31.83) | 142 (43.03) | 58 (43.61) |
| African American | 129 (31.01) | 95 (30.55) | 56 (16.97) | 30 (22.56) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 132 (31.73) | 99 (31.83) | 112 (33.94) | 39 (29.32) |
| Other | 13 (3.13) | 18 (5.79) | 20 (6.06) | 6 (4.51) |
| P | Reference | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.13 |
| Family history of T2D | ||||
| No | 309 (74.28) | 211 (67.85) | 234 (70.91) | 85 (63.91) |
| Yes | 93 (22.36) | 88 (28.3) | 84 (25.45) | 41 (30.83) |
| Difference in positive history | Reference | −5 (5.94) | −9 (3.1) | −52 (8.47) |
| P | Reference | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.05 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.23 (25.59, 38.95) | 32.37 (24.41, 40.42) | 33.65 (25.83, 41.59) | 33.38 (25.11, 41.82) |
| Difference | Reference | 0.14 (−1.17, 1.47) | 1.42 (0.24, 2.64) | 1.15 (−0.48, 2.87) |
| P value | Reference | 0.74 | 0.05 | 0.20 |
| BMI z-score | 2.28 (1.86, 2.68) | 2.30 (1.78, 2.79) | 2.37 (1.88, 2.84) | 2.35 (1.83, 2.83) |
| Difference | Reference | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.11) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.16) |
| P | Reference | 0.71 | 0.01 | 0.18 |
| Weight class | ||||
| Overweight | 43 (10.34) | 32 (10.29) | 24 (7.27) | 12 (9.02) |
| Obese | 373 (89.66) | 279 (89.71) | 306 (92.73) | 121 (90.98) |
| P | Reference | 0.99 | 0.19 | 0.78 |
| Glucose tolerance status | ||||
| NGT | 415 (99.76) | 254 (81.67) | 248 (75.15) | 9 (6.77) |
| IGT | 1 (0.24) | 57 (18.33) | 82 (24.85) | 124 (93.23) |
| Difference in IGT | Reference | 56 (18.09) | 81 (24.61) | 123 (92.99) |
| P | Reference | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Glucose curve shape | ||||
| Biphasic | 247 (59.38) | 132 (42.44) | 76 (23.03) | 26 (19.55) |
| Monophasic | 102 (24.52) | 111 (35.69) | 207 (62.73) | 71 (53.38) |
| Unclassified | 67 (16.11) | 68 (21.86) | 47 (14.24) | 36 (27.07) |
| Difference between monophasic | Reference | 9 (11.17) | 105 (38.21) | −31 (28.86) |
| P | Reference | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Hemoglobin A1ca, % | 5.46 (5.1, 5.69) | 5.56 (5.1, 5.84) | 5.56 (5.15, 5.89) | 5.66 (5.2, 5.99) |
| Difference | Reference | 0.10 (0, 0.15) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.2) | 0.20 (0.1, 0.3) |
| P | Reference | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 88.3 (82.6, 94.6) | 89.51 (82.7, 97.1) | 91.9 (85.1, 99.6) | 91.8 (84.5, 100.3) |
| Difference | Reference | 1.2 (0.1, 2.5) | 3.6 (2.5, 5.0) | 3.6 (2.0, 5.6) |
| P | Reference | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 2-h glucose, mg/dL | 101.8 (85.4, 119.0) | 125.4 (106.2, 145.2) | 125.2 (106.1, 145.5) | 162.8 (141.4, 183.6) |
| Difference | Reference | 23.6 (20.9, 26.2) | 23.4 (20.7, 26.5) | 61.0 (56.0, 64.6) |
| P | Reference | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Glucose AUC, mg/dL × 180 min | 102.9 (93.1, 113.8) | 123.5 (111.5, 136.0) | 127.1 (114.5, 140.3) | 149.0 (136.8, 162.6) |
| Difference | Reference | 20.5 (18.4, 22.2) | 24.1 (21.4, 26.5) | 46.1 (43.8, 48.7) |
| P | Reference | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Fasting insulin,a μU/mL | 25.44 (8.81, 41.28) | 28.46 (9.76, 46.98) | 32.44 (12.75, 51.28) | 38.59 (16.51, 63.89) |
| Difference | Reference | 3.02 (0.95, 5.70) | 7.00 (3.95, 10) | 13.16 (7.7, 22.61) |
| P | Reference | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Fasting C-peptide,a pmol/L | 996 (590, 1,391) | 1,064 (590, 1,527) | 1,188 (700, 1,665) | 1,292 (746, 1,874) |
| Difference | Reference | 68 (0.4, 136) | 192 (110, 274) | 296 (156, 483) |
| P | Reference | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Total cholesterol,b mg/dL | 152.6 (107.1, 197.3) | 154.9 (103.8, 205.9) | 155.1 (103.1, 206.8) | 157.4 (102.9, 209.5) |
| Difference | Reference | 2.3 (−3.3, 8.9) | 2.5 (−3.9, 9.5) | 4.8 (−4.2, 12.22) |
| P | Reference | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.13 |
| HDL cholesterol,b mg/dL | 43.47 (29.8, 58.04) | 40.53 (25.22, 56.9) | 41.09 (25.73, 57.3) | 42.32 (25.42, 60.17) |
| Difference | Reference | −2.94 (−4.58, −1.15) | −2.38 (−4.07, −0.74) | −1.15 (−4.38, 2.12) |
| P | Reference | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.52 |
| LDL cholesterol,b mg/dL | 89.51 (47.91, 129.66) | 90.81 (43.11, 136.86) | 91.58 (44.35, 137.78) | 90.03 (43.02, 135.75) |
| Difference | Reference | 1.30 (−4.8, 7.2) | 2.06 (−3.56, 8.11) | 0.52 (−4.89, 6.08) |
| P | Reference | 0.61 | 0.49 | 0.85 |
| Triglycerides,b mg/dL | 83.6 (20.4, 145.6) | 95.7 (25.4, 164.9) | 100.8 (28.5, 171.4) | 98.9 (24.4, 177.4) |
| Difference | Reference | 12.1 (5.0, 19.3) | 17.2 (8.2, 25.8) | 15.3 (4.0, 31.8) |
| P | Reference | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 |
| ALT,a units/L | 19.25 (10.49, 28.44) | 20.25 (9.49, 31.44) | 20.92 (10.49, 31.61) | 23.25 (11.69, 34.7) |
| Difference | Reference | 1.00 (−1, 3) | 1.67 (−0.01, 3.17) | 4.00 (1.19, 6.26) |
| P | Reference | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
| SAT,a cm2 | 440 (216, 650) | 471 (197, 728) | 473 (200, 729) | 481 (202, 738) |
| Missing, n** | 206 | 167 | 170 | 66 |
| Difference | Reference | 32 (−20, 78) | 33 (−16, 79) | 41 (−14, 88) |
| P | Reference | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| VAT,a cm2 | 53.5 (16.7, 92.3) | 59.8 (17.1, 104.8) | 63.2 (18.6, 110.0) | 61.1 (16.1, 109.9) |
| Missing, n** | 206 | 167 | 169 | 66 |
| Difference | Reference | 6.3 (0.4, 12.5) | 9.7 (2.0, 17.7) | 7.6 (−0.6, 17.5) |
| P | Reference | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.12 |
| Hepatic fat fraction | 3.35 (0.00, 6.84) | 3.76 (0.00, 7.93) | 4.20 (0.00, 8.58) | 4.83 (0.18, 9.85) |
| Median (IQR) | 2.81 (1.98–4.79) | 3.27 (2.19–5.46) | 3.43 (2.59–6.02) | 3.54 (3.13–6.67) |
| Missing, n** | 200 | 163 | 168 | 65 |
| Difference | Reference | 0.41 (0.00, 1.09) | 0.85 (0.00, 1.74) | 1.48 (0.18, 3.01) |
| P | Reference | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Data are n (%) or median (95% CI) unless otherwise indicated. SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.
a
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and sex.
b
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, and BMI.
*
No differences were found between those with or without Tanner data in age at first visit, race/ethnicity, family history of T2D, obesity, IGT/NGT status, TCF7L2 genotype, and latent glucose profile. More males (48%) than females (29%) had missing Tanner staging.
**
No differences were found between those with or without MRI data in family history of T2D, obesity, IGT/NGT status, TCF7L2 genotype, and latent glucose profile class. Compared with participants with available MRI data, those with missing MRI data were younger (13.0 vs. 13.4 years) and more often female (62.8% vs. 56.0%) and non-Hispanic White (41.0% vs. 32.9%).