Table 1.
Cohort-specific descriptive statistics
| ALSPAC | Generation R | INMA | |
|---|---|---|---|
| All mothers | (n = 658) | (n = 998) | (n = 347) |
| Glycemic index | 58.3 ± 2.8 | 57.62 ± 3.2 | 50.8 ± 2.7 |
| Glycemic load | 126.2 ± 34.4 | 154.6 ± 45.4 | 107.6 ± 31.5 |
| Sex of the child – female | 342 (52.0) | 504 (50.5) | 171 (49.3) |
| Educational level* | |||
| Low | 324 (49.2) | 599 (60.0) | 88 (25.4) |
| Middle | — | — | 149 (42.9) |
| High | 334 (50.8) | 399 (40.0) | 110 (31.7) |
| Maternal age (years) | 29.8 ± 4.3 | 31.7 ± 4.1 | 31.5 ± 4.0 |
| Maternal smoking* | |||
| No smoking during pregnancy | 593 (90.1)* | 769 (77.1) | 246 (70.9) |
| Smoked, stopped before 2nd trimester | — | 97 (9.7) | 54 (15.6) |
| Smoked throughout pregnancy | 65 (9.9) | 132 (13.2) | 47 (13.5) |
| Maternal pre-/early-pregnancy weight status | |||
| BMI < 18 kg/m2 | — | 15 (1.5) | 16 (4.6) |
| BMI ≥ 18 and < 25 kg/m2 | 538 (81.8) | 735 (73.6) | 236 (68.0) |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 120 (18.2) | 248 (24.8) | 95 (27.4) |
| Maternal total energy intake (kcal) | 1,753 ± 453 | 2,152 ± 493 | 2,063 ± 476 |
| Maternal total carbohydrate intake (g) | 216.2 ± 57.3 | 265.5 ± 72.8 | 213.4 ± 59.2 |
| Maternal total carbohydrate intake (energy %) | 49.5 ± 4.7 | 49.2 ± 6.0 | 41.4 ± 6.1 |
| Mothers with pre-/early-pregnancy normal weight | (n = 538) | (n = 735) | (n = 236) |
| Glycemic index | 58.2 ± 2.8 | 57.5 ± 3.2 | 50.6 ± 2.8 |
| Glycemic load | 127.5 ± 35.8 | 156.1 ± 46.0 | 108.1 ± 30.7 |
| Sex of the child – female | 281 (52.2) | 377 (51.3) | 125 (53.0) |
| Educational level* | |||
| Low | 253 (47.0) | 410 (55.8) | 53 (22.5) |
| Middle | — | — | 102 (43.2) |
| High | 285 (53.0) | 325 (44.2) | 81 (34.3) |
| Maternal age (years) | 29.85 ± 4.28 | 31.79 ± 4.10 | 31.43 ± 4.03 |
| Maternal smoking* | |||
| No smoking during pregnancy | 484 (90.0)* | 568 (77.3) | 166 (70.3) |
| Smoked, stopped before 2nd trimester | 75 (10.2) | ||
| Smoked throughout pregnancy | 54 (10.0) | 92 (12.5) | 32 (13.6) |
| Maternal total energy intake (kcal) | 1,772 ± 461 | 2,177 ± 496 | 2,067 ± 474 |
| Maternal total carbohydrate intake (g) | 218.9 ± 59.2 | 268.6 ± 73.5 | 212.9 ± 58.0 |
| Maternal total carbohydrate intake (energy %) | 49.6 ± 4.8 | 49.2 ± 5.9 | 41.2 ± 5.9 |
| Mothers with pre-/early-pregnancy overweight or obesity | (n = 120) | (n = 248) | (n = 95) |
| Glycemic index | 59.0 ± 2.8 | 57.9 ± 3.3 | 50.8 ± 2.6 |
| Glycemic load | 120.1 ± 26.6 | 149.2 ± 43.8 | 105.8 ± 29.8 |
| Sex of the child – female | 61 (50.8) | 120 (48.4) | 38 (40.0) |
| Educational level* | |||
| Low | 71 (59.2) | 180 (72.6) | 30 (31.6) |
| Middle | — | — | 42 (44.2) |
| High | 49 (40.8) | 68 (27.4) | 23 (24.2) |
| Maternal age (years) | 29.66 ± 4.60 | 31.50 ± 4.15 | 31.98 ± 3.97 |
| Maternal smoking* | |||
| No smoking during pregnancy | 109 (90.8)* | 190 (76.6) | 69 (72.6) |
| Smoked, stopped before 2nd trimester | — | 21 (8.5) | 13 (13.7) |
| Smoked throughout pregnancy | 11 (9.2) | 37 (14.9) | 13 (13.7) |
| Maternal total energy intake (kcal) | 1,672 ± 407 | 2,066 ± 476 | 2,013 ± 456 |
| Maternal total carbohydrate intake (g) | 203.9 ± 46.3 | 254.8 ± 70.5 | 208.0 ± 56.5 |
| Maternal total carbohydrate intake (energy %) | 49.1 ± 4.3 | 49.2 ± 6.3 | 41.4 ± 6.5 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).
*
Cohorts used their preferred categories for maternal educational level and maternal smoking during pregnancy. We used two categories for ALSPAC: no smoking or quit before 2nd trimester vs. sustained smoking. Please see the cohort-specific methods for these descriptions.