Fig. 4.

Anti-mycotoxigenic activity of PPE. (A) Effect of PPE on FB1 and FB2 production by F. proliferatum in wheat grains. (B) Effect of PPE on the expression of key fumonisin biosynthesis pathway genes in F. proliferatum. Relative expression was normalized using b-tubulin as an internal control. Error bars represent standard deviation of three independent biological replicates. One-way ANOVA differences were considered significant when p < 0.05. Different letters above the error bars indicate statistically significant differences among treatments in each group, as determined using the Tukey’s honest significant difference test.