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. 2022 Aug 2;16:19. doi: 10.1186/s13036-022-00299-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Mesangial cell structure with its processes extending out to multiple capillaries. MC: mesangial cell, MM: mesangial matrix, P: podocytes, EC: endothelial cells, C: capillaries, GBM: glomerular basement membrane. The small arrows indicate the mesangial cell/GBM connections that oppose the hydrostatic pressures shown by long red arrow. The T-shaped marking indicates the mesangial cell process where the body of the T-shaped marking represents the axis of the mesangial processes, and the head of the T-shaped marking indicates the mesangial angles. The mesangial cell occupies a majority of the mesangium and is closely attached to the GBM directly by microfibrillar attachments or indirectly to the GBM via the mesangial matrix. The T-shaped mesangial processes are firmly embedded in between the capillaries and the GBM and enable the mesangial cell to maintain glomerular structure. Modified after [75] with permission