Table 2.
The role of hyperglycemia in matrix protein accumulation in in vitro studies. The effect of hyperglycemia on upregulation of matrix proteins is reduced after long periods of incubation. TGF- β: transforming growth factor - β, N.S.: not significant, -: indicates no data. A single arrow pointing upwards indicates a statistically significant increase in the respective protein expression, and a double arrow indicates a substantially larger increase in protein expression relative to control
| Time frame | 2 weeks | 8 weeks | 1 week | 4 weeks | 6 weeks | 24 hrs | 24 hrs | 48 hrs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [38] | [37] | [36] | [40] | [41] | ||||
| Collagen IV expression | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ | - | - |
| Collagen I expression | ↑↑ | ↑ | - | - | - | ↑ | - | - |
| Fibronectin expression | - | - | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ | N.S. | ↑ |
| Laminin expression | - | - | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ | - | - |
| Protease expression | ↑↑ | ↑ | N.S. | - | - | ↑ | - | - |
| TGF- β expression | ↑↑ | ↑ | - | - | - | - | ↑ | ↑↑ |